Intestines

Japanese: 腸 - ちょう
Intestines

The longest and main part of the digestive tract of animals, it usually begins next to the esophagus or stomach and ends at the outlet for the outside of the body. In vertebrates, it is divided into the small intestine and the large intestine, with the cecum at the boundary between them. In mammals and fish, it ends at the anus, but other vertebrate classes have a cloaca, where the intestine also opens. The small intestine of mammals is divided into the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, and the large intestine is divided into the colon and rectum. The inner surface of the small intestine has many villous processes, and the surface of the epithelial cells has microvilli arranged in a regular, dense pattern called the brush border, which increases the absorption surface area. Enzymes such as disaccharidases (sucrase, maltase, etc.) and alkaline phosphatase are also localized on these microvilli. The small intestine contains Lieberkuhn's glands, and the duodenum contains Brunner's glands, which secrete intestinal juices, and the small intestinal epithelial cells contain mucus-producing goblet cells and endocrine cells. The villus processes of the large intestine are shorter than those of the small intestine, and the epithelial cells contain more goblet cells, which secrete mucus to facilitate the passage of feces. Water absorption also occurs in the large intestine.

The intestinal structure of invertebrates is extremely diverse depending on feeding habits, but in many cases, similar functions to those of vertebrates are observed, such as an increase in the absorption surface due to intestinal bulges, secretion of mucus to facilitate the passage of feces, and absorption of water. The intestine is often divided into anterior, middle, and hindgut, and may also have a blind pouch. The midgut gland opens into the midgut of mollusks and arthropods and secretes digestive enzymes, while the Malpighian tubules open at the boundary between the midgut and hindgut of arthropods such as spiders and insects, and mainly function as excretory organs.

[Sadao Yasugi]

Intestine in humans

The digestive tract is a long, thin tube that begins at the stomach and ends at the anus. It is divided into the small intestine and the large intestine. The small intestine is about 7 meters long, and the large intestine is about 1.5 meters long. The small intestine is curved significantly throughout its length before fitting into the center of the abdominal cavity, while the large intestine runs around the abdominal cavity like a picture frame, then enters the pelvic cavity and opens into the anus. The small intestine is further divided into the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The small intestine plays a major role in the digestion and absorption of food, while the large intestine absorbs water and electrolytes. The mucosal cells on the inner surface of the small intestine have many small projections called villi, giving the inner surface of the small intestine a velvety appearance. Therefore, the total area of ​​the absorption surface of the inner surface of the small intestine is extremely large, reaching about 200 square meters. Bile and pancreatic juice pass through the common bile duct and pancreatic duct, respectively, and flow into the opening of the major duodenal papilla in the descending part of the duodenum. Intestinal juices are secreted by the duodenal and intestinal glands. Food that has been turned into chyle in the stomach is digested and absorbed by these digestive juices.

The large intestine is divided into the cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal. The large intestine is thicker overall than the small intestine, and is mainly responsible for absorbing water and digesting vegetable fiber. The cecum is short, but the appendix is ​​attached to its blind end. The ileocecal valve is located at the point where the ileum transitions to the cecum, preventing the backflow of contents from the large intestine to the small intestine. The colon that follows the cecum is divided into the ascending, transverse, and descending colon, and surrounds the abdominal cavity like a picture frame. The sigmoid colon runs from the descending colon toward the small pelvis, and then the rectum. The rectum passes through the anal canal to become the anus. The mucous membrane on the inner surface of the large intestine does not have villi like the small intestine, and instead contains more mucus cells. Mucus cells help to smoothly transport the contents that gradually solidify within the large intestine.

[Kazuyo Shimai]

Intestine and mesentery

The intestine, which is about five times the length of the human body, is stored in the abdominal cavity and the mesentery holds it in place to prevent it from becoming tangled. However, the intestine does not have a mesentery along its entire length. The duodenum does not have a mesentery except for a part of the upper part, the posterior surface of which is fixed to the posterior abdominal wall and the anterior surface is covered by the peritoneum. The jejunum and ileum have a mesentery, but this small intestinal mesentery is fixed to the posterior abdominal wall by the small intestinal mesentery root, which is 15 to 25 centimeters long, so even though the jejunum and ileum are quite mobile, they do not become tangled within the abdominal cavity. This mesentery root corresponds to the pivot of a fan, and the mesentery is the spread part. The intestine is attached to the edge of the spread part. In the colon, the ascending colon and descending colon do not have a mesentery and are attached to the posterior abdominal wall, with only the anterior surface covered by the peritoneum. The transverse colon has a long transverse mesocolon, which fixes it to the posterior abdominal wall but allows it to move easily. The sigmoid colon also has a sigmoid mesocolon, which allows it to move easily. The surface of the colon has three taenia, which are made of the external longitudinal muscle layer and run approximately equally spaced along the long axis of the colon. This feature allows the colon to be distinguished from the small intestine.

[Kazuyo Shimai]

Blood Circulation and Innervation

The blood circulation system of the digestive tract is unique, and the intestinal venous system does not return directly to the heart, but forms the portal vein and enters the liver. In other words, the portal vein is a junction of the gastric vein, splenic vein, superior mesenteric vein, and inferior mesenteric vein, and sends nutrients absorbed from the stomach and intestines to the liver and stores glycogen. The arteries to the intestines are the celiac artery, superior mesenteric artery, and inferior mesenteric artery, which branch directly from the abdominal aorta. Intestinal movement is controlled by the autonomic nervous system, which consists of the vagus nerve and the sympathetic nerve. The vagus nerve promotes intestinal movement (peristalsis), and the sympathetic nerve inhibits it. Peristalsis of the small intestine is active, but is weaker in the large intestine than in the small intestine. The large intestine is much shorter than the small intestine, but is more prone to malfunction than the small intestine, which is thought to be because contents tend to accumulate in the large intestine.

[Kazuyo Shimai]

[Reference items] | Digestion | Small intestine | Large intestine | Mesentery
Location of the small intestine
©Shogakukan ">

Location of the small intestine

Location of the large intestine
©Shogakukan ">

Location of the large intestine

Animal digestive tract
©Shogakukan ">

Animal digestive tract


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

動物の消化管のうちでもっとも長い主要な部分で、通常は食道または胃に続いて始まり、体外への排出口に終わる。脊椎(せきつい)動物では、小腸と大腸に分かれ、その境界に盲腸が生じる。哺乳(ほにゅう)類と魚類では肛門(こうもん)に終わるが、その他の脊椎動物諸綱は総排出腔(こう)をもち、腸もここに開口する。哺乳類の小腸は十二指腸、空腸、回腸に、大腸は結腸と直腸とに分かれる。小腸内面には多数の絨毛(じゅうもう)突起があり、上皮細胞表面には刷子縁(さっしえん)とよばれる、規則的に密生して配列された微絨毛があって、吸収表面積を増大させている。また二糖分解酵素(スクラーゼ、マルターゼなど)やアルカリ性フォスファターゼなどの酵素もこの微絨毛上に局在する。小腸にはリーベルキューン腺(せん)があり、十二指腸にはそのほかにブルンナー腺があって腸液を分泌し、小腸上皮細胞には粘液を出す杯(はい)細胞や内分泌細胞もある。大腸の絨毛突起は小腸のものより高さが低く、上皮細胞には杯細胞が多く、粘液を出して糞便(ふんべん)の通りを容易にしている。大腸ではまた水分の吸収がおこる。

 無脊椎動物の腸の構造は食性などによってきわめて多様であるが、多くの場合、腸内隆起などによって吸収表面が増大していること、粘液を分泌して糞の通過を容易にしていること、水の吸収がおこることなど、脊椎動物と類似の機能が観察される。また腸はしばしば前・中・後腸に分かれ、盲嚢(もうのう)をもつこともある。軟体動物や節足動物の中腸には中腸腺が開口して消化酵素を分泌し、節足動物のうちクモ類、昆虫類などの中腸と後腸の境界部にはマルピーギ管が開口し、おもに排出器官としての機能を果たしている。

[八杉貞雄]

ヒトにおける腸

消化管のうち、胃に続く部分から始まり、末端の肛門まで達する細長い管をいう。小腸と大腸とに区分する。小腸は約7メートル、大腸は約1.5メートルの長さである。小腸は、全長にわたって著しく屈曲しながら腹腔(ふくくう)中央部に収まり、大腸は、腹腔を額縁のように取り囲んで走ったのち、骨盤腔に入り、肛門に開く。小腸は、さらに十二指腸、空腸、回腸に区分される。食物の消化と吸収の主役となるのが小腸で、大腸では水分と電解質の吸収が行われる。小腸の内面の粘膜細胞には絨毛という小突起が多数出ており、小腸内面は全体にわたってビロード状を呈している。したがって、小腸内面の吸収面の総面積はきわめて広くなり、約200平方メートルに達する。胆汁、膵液(すいえき)は、それぞれ総胆管と膵管とを通り、十二指腸下行部の大十二指腸乳頭の開口部に注いでいる。腸液は十二指腸腺および腸腺から分泌される。胃の中で乳糜(にゅうび)状にされた食物は、これらの消化液によって消化分解され、吸収される。

 大腸は、盲腸、結腸、直腸、肛門管に区分される。大腸は、小腸よりは全体に太く、主として水分吸収が行われ、植物繊維なども消化される。盲腸は短いが、その盲端部には虫垂が付着している。回腸から盲腸に移る部分には回盲弁があり、大腸から小腸への内容物の逆流を防いでいる。盲腸から続く結腸は、上行、横行、下行結腸に区分され、額縁のように腹腔を取り巻く。下行結腸から小骨盤に向かうのがS状結腸、ついで直腸となる。直腸は肛門管を経て肛門となる。大腸の内面の粘膜には、小腸におけるような絨毛はなく、粘液細胞が多くなる。粘液細胞は、大腸内でしだいに固形化する内容物を円滑に輸送するのに役だっている。

[嶋井和世]

腸管と腸間膜

身長の5倍ほどもある腸管が腹腔内に収納され、もつれないようにするために、腸間膜が腸管を固定している。しかし、腸管は、全長にわたって腸間膜をもっているわけではない。十二指腸では上部の一部を除いて腸間膜がなく、その部分の後面は腹腔後壁に固定され、前面は腹膜に覆われている。空腸と回腸は腸間膜を備えているが、この小腸間膜は、長さが15~25センチメートルの小腸間膜根によって後腹壁に固定されているため、空腸、回腸はかなりの移動性をもっても、腹腔内でもつれることはない。この腸間膜根は、扇子の要(かなめ)に相当し、腸間膜はその広げた部分にあたる。そして、広げた部分の縁に腸がついているわけである。結腸では上行結腸と下行結腸とが腸間膜をもたず、腹腔後壁に癒着し、前面だけが腹膜に覆われている。横行結腸は長い横行結腸間膜をもち、これによって後腹壁に固定されるが、移動は容易にできる。S状結腸にもS状結腸間膜があり、移動しやすくなっている。結腸の表面には外縦走筋層からなる結腸ヒモが3本あり、結腸の長軸に沿ってほぼ等間隔で走っている。この特徴によって、結腸と小腸との区別ができる。

[嶋井和世]

血液循環系と神経支配

消化管の血液循環系は特殊であって、腸の静脈系は直接心臓に帰らず、門脈系をつくって肝臓に入る。つまり、門脈系は胃静脈、脾(ひ)静脈、上腸間膜静脈および下腸間膜静脈などが合流したもので、胃腸から吸収された栄養物質を肝臓に送り込み、グリコーゲンの貯蔵などを行うようになっている。腸への動脈は、腹大動脈から直接に分岐した腹腔動脈、上腸間膜動脈および下腸間膜動脈が分布している。腸の運動は、迷走神経と交感神経からなる自律神経によって支配されている。迷走神経は腸管の運動(蠕動(ぜんどう)運動)を促進させ、交感神経はこれを抑制する。小腸の蠕動運動は活発であるが、大腸では小腸に比較すると弱い。なお、大腸は小腸よりもはるかに短いが、小腸に比べて故障がおこりやすいのは、内容物がたまりやすいからと考えられる。

[嶋井和世]

[参照項目] | 消化 | 小腸 | 大腸 | 腸間膜
小腸の部位
©Shogakukan">

小腸の部位

大腸の部位
©Shogakukan">

大腸の部位

動物の消化管
©Shogakukan">

動物の消化管


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