This refers to the debt of local governments, including not only those that issue bonds but also those that are in the form of deeds, and refers to debt that will take more than one fiscal year to repay. Therefore, when it comes to local bonds, the term is used to refer to the incurring of new debt, whether it is in the form of deeds or not, and is not limited to those that issue bonds. In the case of national and corporate bonds, this term refers only to those that issue bonds, and borrowing in the form of deeds is strictly distinguished as borrowing. On the other hand, temporary borrowing that is repaid within one fiscal year is excluded from local bonds under the system, even if it involves the issuance of bonds. Additionally, debts of organizations that are not local governments, such as third sector entities and public corporations, and debt guarantees by local governments are not included in local bonds. The role of local bonds is to adjust fiscal expenditures and revenues between fiscal years, to adjust the burden on residents regarding public works projects and other such works between generations, to supplement general financial resources, and to coordinate with national economic policies. [Takashi Asaba August 21, 2018] Issuance and redemption of local government bondsLocal governments are not free to issue local bonds. They must issue bonds within a certain framework set by the national government. In principle, local bonds are limited to public works projects. Therefore, this is called the construction bond principle, and local bonds issued as a source of funds for public works projects are called construction bonds or local construction bonds. The basis for issuing local bonds is mainly the Local Finance Law. Article 5 of the law is related to the principle of construction bonds. As with national bonds, the general rule is that local bonds are not to be issued, but the proviso allows for the issuance of bonds for public enterprises (transportation businesses, water businesses, etc.), capital investments and loans, refinancing of local bonds, disaster-related issues, and public works (educational facilities, welfare facilities, public land, and other appropriate bond-related projects). In this way, Article 5 of the Local Finance Law can be said to cover what is called national construction bonds, FILP bonds (Fiscal Investment and Loan Program Special Account bonds), and refinancing bonds, excluding the existence of disaster-related issues and the limited scope of public works. Local bonds issued to cover current expenses are called deficit public bonds or deficit local bonds. The basis for their issuance is mainly stipulated in the supplementary provisions of the Local Finance Law. These are basically for one-year or short-term issues, but there are also bonds that are repeatedly renewed, such as temporary financial measures bonds to make up for shortfalls in local allocation tax revenue, and bonds that are fixed-term but long-term, such as retirement allowance bonds to cover retirement allowances for local government employees, which last for as long as 20 years. In addition to the Local Finance Law, many other laws, such as the Special Measures Law for Promoting Independence in Depopulated Areas, have expanded the scope of construction bonds. In addition, there are also deficit bonds based on the Basic Law for Disaster Countermeasures and the Local Finance Soundness Law. In principle, prior consultation is required for bond issuance. Prefectures and cities designated by government ordinances must consult with the Minister of Internal Affairs and Communications, while cities, towns, and villages other than cities designated by government ordinances must consult with the prefectural governor before issuing bonds. If the Minister of Internal Affairs and Communications and the prefectural governor agree as a result of the prior consultation, local governments may use public funds, such as fiscal loan funds and funds from the Japan Finance Corporation for Local Government Entities, which generally offer favorable conditions for local governments, to issue bonds, and may use local allocation tax to cover principal and interest repayments. The Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications prepares local bond consent criteria (local bond consent criteria) every fiscal year, and specifies the local bond plan, local bond allocation rate, and the planned amount and funds for each project. However, even if the Minister of Internal Affairs and Communications and the prefectural governor do not agree, local governments may still issue bonds on their own if the project is subject to Article 5 of the Local Finance Law by reporting the matter to the assembly in advance. However, while the prior consultation system is the rule, local governments that have ensured a certain level of soundness depending on their financial situation, etc. can apply a simple prior notification system, while local governments that have problems with financial indicators or that tax at less than the standard rate require permission from the Minister of Internal Affairs and Communications or the prefectural governor to issue bonds. With the exception of foreign bonds issued overseas, local government bonds are not guaranteed for repayment. However, some say that local governments are essentially guaranteed by the national government due to the existence of a prior consultation system that still requires some authorization, the use of public funds, local allocation tax measures for principal and interest repayments, local finance plans, local bond plans, and the Local Government Finance Soundness Act. There are also rules set by the national government regarding the period until the redemption of local government bonds. In the case of public works projects, the upper limit is the tax-determined useful life of the public facilities constructed. Therefore, the period from bond issuance to cash redemption varies depending on the project for which the bond is issued. If the maturity period of a local government bond is shorter than its useful life, it is possible to refinance the bond and cover the redemption funds by issuing new local government bonds, but even in this case, the refinancing period is limited to the period from the time of new issuance to the useful life. [Takashi Asaba August 21, 2018] Types of local government bondsLocal government bonds can be classified according to accounting and borrower. In addition, since the fiscal 2012 (Heisei 24) local government bond plan, there is also a classification into ordinary revenue and expenditure portion and Great East Japan Earthquake portion (the names of each portion vary slightly depending on the fiscal year). In terms of accounting classification, they are divided into general account bonds, which are planned to be repaid with general financial resources such as local taxes and local allocation taxes, public enterprise bonds, which are planned to be repaid in principle with business revenues, and others. Note that even if they are planned to be repaid with local taxes, special bonds such as deficit local bonds are classified as others. In terms of accounting classification that unifies local finances, they are divided into ordinary accounts and local public enterprise accounts. Most general account bonds and others fall under ordinary accounts, while many public enterprise bonds often fall under local public enterprise accounts. General account bonds, public enterprise bonds, and others are named after the target project. For example, general account bonds include public housing construction project bonds, school education facility development project bonds, local road development project bonds, etc., while public enterprise bonds include water supply project bonds, sewerage project bonds, and regional development project bonds. Others include temporary financial measures bonds and revenue reduction compensation bonds. Many are permanent, but some reflect the policies of the time. The public facility management promotion project bonds, established in fiscal 2017, are local bonds that are used to promote measures against aging public facilities, etc., with a deadline of fiscal 2021. They are divided into consolidation and complexification projects, long life projects, conversion projects, location optimization projects, universal design projects (added in fiscal 2018), emergency conservation projects for city and town hall functions, and demolition projects. When considering the impact on financial markets, it is important to categorize by source of borrowing funds. When categorizing by source of borrowing, first, the source of funds can be divided into domestic and overseas. Of these, overseas funds can be divided into foreign currency-denominated funds and yen-denominated funds, but both typically account for zero or a small proportion of local government bonds overall. Domestic funds consist of public funds, private funds, and government grant bonds. Of these, government grant bonds are a special type of local government bond in which there is no immediate movement of funds and securities with the promise of payment in a later year are issued to creditors. In the past, public funds accounted for the majority of local bonds by funding type, but the proportion dropped after the Fiscal Investment and Loan Reform in 2001. However, in ordinary cities and towns with few public offerings, public funds still account for the majority. Public funds consist of fiscal loan funds, Local Government Finance Corporation funds, and national budget and other loans. Fiscal loan funds, the largest of all public funds, underwrite local bonds as part of the national fiscal investment and loan program, with the aim of inducing national policies and providing a stable supply of funds to local governments with weak fundraising capabilities. The Local Government Finance Corporation, which was established in 2008 with investments from all local governments, provides long-term, low-interest funds to local governments by issuing bonds and raising funds from the capital market, and adding a portion of the investment gains from public enterprises. Most public funds are fiscal loan funds and Local Government Finance Corporation funds, while national budget and other loans are treated as an exception, as their source of funding comes from disaster relief funds and other sources. Private funds can be broadly divided into public offering funds and underwriting funds from banks, etc. Public offering funds are issued by issuing bonds to raise funds from the market, and are further divided into nationwide (individual and joint) and resident offering funds. Individual nationwide issuance is issued by individual local governments alone, and is often done by prefectures and ordinance-designated cities with relatively large financial scale. Joint issuance is done by multiple local governments with the aim of reducing costs by taking advantage of the benefits of larger scale. As nationwide issuance of public offering funds is limited to prefectures and ordinance-designated cities, there are fewer issuances by municipalities compared to prefectures. Resident offering funds are also called resident participation type, and are issued by each local government to residents of the relevant area. They generally have a good yield, and some offer special benefits to purchasers. Funds underwritten by banks, etc. are borrowed from private financial institutions and various mutual aid associations, etc. Some funds come from Japan Post Bank, Japan Post Insurance, insurance companies, etc., but most come from city banks. Many city banks often have certain ties with local governments, such as being designated financial institutions. [Takashi Asaba August 21, 2018] "Local Bonds Facing the Market: The Balance Between Liberalization and Maintaining Fiscal Order" edited by Konishi Sunaichi (2011, Yuhikaku)" ▽ "Local Bonds System Study Group edited, Local Bonds 2013 Revised Edition" (2013, Local Finance Association)" ▽ "Chuo Bunkasha, Published, "Easy-to-Understand Local Bonds for Municipal Council Members" (Special Issue of the Monthly Local Assembly Members, 2017)" [Reference items] | | | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
地方公共団体の債務で、債券を発行するものだけでなく証書方式のものを含み、償還までが一会計年度を超えるものをさす。そのため地方債では、債券を発行するものに限らず、証書方式によるものであっても、新たに債務を負うことを発行もしくは起債という。国債や社債の場合、債券を発行するもののみをさし、証書方式による借入れは借入金として峻別(しゅんべつ)される。一方、一会計年度内に償還される一時借入金は、債券発行を伴うものでも、制度上、地方債からは除かれる。また、第三セクターや公社など地方公共団体ではない組織の債務や地方公共団体による債務保証などは、地方債に含まれない。 地方債の役割は、財政支出と財政収入の年度間調整、公共事業等に関する住民負担の世代間調整、一般財源の補完、国の経済政策との調整である。 [浅羽隆史 2018年8月21日] 地方債の発行・償還各地方公共団体は、地方債を自由に発行することができるわけではない。国が定めた一定の枠組みのなかで起債することになる。地方債の発行対象は、原則として公共事業などに限定されている。そのため、これを建設公債の原則とよび、公共事業などの財源として発行される地方債を、建設公債あるいは建設地方債という。 地方債の発行根拠は、おもに地方財政法による。そのうち、建設公債の原則に関連するのは、第5条である。国債と同様、原則は公債不発行で、但書において、公営企業(交通事業、水道事業など)、出資金および貸付金、地方債の借換え、災害関連、公共事業(文教施設、厚生施設、公共用地などの適債事業)について起債が認められている。このように地方財政法第5条は、災害関連の存在や公共事業における範囲の限定を除けば、国でいう建設国債と財投債(財政投融資特別会計国債)、そして借換債を網羅したものといえる。 経常経費に充当するための地方債は、赤字公債または赤字地方債という。その発行根拠は、おもに地方財政法の附則で定められている。これらは、基本的に単年度あるいは短期間限定のものとされているが、地方交付税の財源不足を補う臨時財政対策債のように更新を繰り返しているものや、地方公務員の退職手当に充当する退職手当債のように有期であるが20年という長期間のものもある。 地方財政法以外でも、過疎地域自立促進特別措置法など多くの法律がおもに建設公債に関して、発行対象を拡大している。また、赤字公債に関しても、災害対策基本法や地方財政健全化法に基づくものなどがある。 起債は、原則として事前協議制となっている。起債にあたり、都道府県および政令指定都市は総務大臣に、政令指定都市を除く市区町村は都道府県知事に、事前の協議をするのが原則である。事前協議の結果、総務大臣や都道府県知事の同意が得られた場合、起債にあたり財政融資資金や地方公共団体金融機構資金など一般的に地方公共団体にとって条件が有利となる公的資金の利用や、元利償還にあたり地方交付税による財源措置の可能性がある。総務省は毎年度、地方債の同意基準(地方債同意等基準)を作成し、地方債計画、地方債充当率とともに事業別起債予定額や資金などを明示する。なお、総務大臣や都道府県知事が不同意であっても、地方財政法第5条の対象事業であれば、あらかじめ議会に報告することで、地方公共団体が独自に起債することも可能である。 ただし、事前協議制を原則としながら、財政状況などに応じて、健全性などが一定以上確保されている地方公共団体は簡便な事前届出制ですみ、財政指標などで問題があったり標準税率未満で課税したりしている地方公共団体は、起債にあたり総務大臣または都道府県知事の許可が必要とされている。 地方債の償還に関して、海外で発行した外債を除いて国による債務保証はつかない。しかし、一部許可制を残す事前協議制、公的資金の利用、元利償還における地方交付税措置、地方財政計画、地方債計画、地方財政健全化法などの存在から、実質的に国の債務保証がついている状態に近いと評する向きもある。 地方債の償還までの期間についても、国によって定められたルールがある。公共事業の場合、建設した公共施設等の税法上の耐用年数が上限となる。そのため、起債から現金償還までの期間が、起債対象事業によって異なる。地方債の満期期間が耐用年数を下回る場合、地方債の発行で償還財源をまかなう借換償還は可能であるが、その場合にも、借換期間の限度は新規発行時点から耐用年数までとなる。 [浅羽隆史 2018年8月21日] 地方債の種類地方債は、会計や借入先によって区分できる。また、2012年度(平成24)地方債計画からは、通常収支分と東日本大震災分(それぞれ名称は年度により若干異なる)という区分もある。 会計による区分では、地方税や地方交付税といった一般財源での償還を予定する一般会計債と、原則として事業収入などで償還が予定されている公営企業債、そしてその他に分けられる。なお、地方税などでの償還を予定していても、赤字地方債など特殊なものがその他になる。また、地方財政を統一的にみる会計区分でいえば、普通会計と地方公営事業会計に分けられる。一般会計債とその他の多くが普通会計に該当し、公営企業債の多くは地方公営事業会計に該当することが多い。 一般会計債、公営企業債、その他ともに対象事業を冠する名称がつけられている。たとえば一般会計債でいえば、公営住宅建設事業債、学校教育施設等整備事業債、地方道路等整備事業債などであり、公営企業債であれば、水道事業債、下水道事業債、地域開発事業債などとなっている。その他では、臨時財政対策債や減収補填(ほてん)債などである。多くは恒常的に設定されているものであるが、なかには、その時々の政策を色濃く映し出すものもある。2017年度に創設された公共施設等適正管理推進事業債は、2021年度までの期限を切り、公共施設等の老朽化対策などを推進する費用に充当する地方債で、集約化・複合化事業、長寿命化事業、転用事業、立地適正化事業、ユニバーサルデザイン化事業(2018年度に追加)、市町村役場機能緊急保全事業、除却事業に分けられている。 金融市場への影響を考える場合、借入先の資金による区分が重要である。借入先による区分では、まず資金の源泉が国内か海外かに分けられる。このうち海外のものは、外貨建て資金と円建て資金に分けられるが、ともに例年地方債全体に占める比率はゼロもしくはわずかである。国内資金は、公的資金と民間等資金、そして交付公債からなる。このうち交付公債は、当面の資金移動がなく後年度に支払いを約束した証券を債権者に交付する特殊な地方債である。 かつて地方債を資金区分別でみると、公的資金が過半を占めていたものの、2001年度の財政投融資改革を境に割合が下がった。ただし、市場公募などの少ない一般市や町村では、その後も公的資金の割合が過半を占めることが多い。公的資金は、財政融資資金、地方公共団体金融機構資金、国の予算等貸付金からなる。公的資金のなかで最大の財政融資資金は、国の財政投融資の一環として、国の政策への誘導や、資金調達力の劣る地方公共団体への安定的資金供給などの観点から、地方債を引き受けている。地方公共団体金融機構資金は、2008年に全地方公共団体の出資により設立された地方公共団体金融機構が、債券を発行して資本市場から調達した資金に、公営企業から得た収益金の一部の運用益などを加え、地方公共団体に長期で低利な資金を供給するものである。公的資金の多くは財政融資資金と地方公共団体金融機構資金であり、国の予算等貸付金は、災害援護資金貸付金などが財源であり、例外的な扱いのものである。 民間等資金は、大きく市場公募資金と銀行等引受資金に分けられる。市場公募資金は、債券を発行して市場から資金を調達するもので、全国型(個別発行と共同発行)と住民公募型に細分化される。全国型のうち個別発行は、個別の地方公共団体が単独で発行するもので、比較的財政規模の大きい都道府県や政令指定都市によるものが多い。共同発行は、複数の地方公共団体が規模の大型化などのメリットを生かし費用を低下させるなどの目的で発行する。市場公募資金は、全国型の発行が都道府県と政令指定都市に限られることから、市町村の発行実績は都道府県に比べ少ない。住民公募型は、住民参加型ともよばれるもので、各地方公共団体が当該地域居住者向けに発行する。一般的に利回りがよく、購入者に特典がつくものもある。 銀行等引受資金は、民間の金融機関や各種共済組合等から借り入れるものである。一部、ゆうちょ銀行、かんぽ生命保険、保険会社等の資金もあるが、多くは市中銀行である。市中銀行の多くは、各地方公共団体の指定金融機関など一定のつながりをもっていることが多い。 [浅羽隆史 2018年8月21日] 『小西砂千夫編著『市場と向き合う地方債――自由化と財政秩序維持のバランス』(2011・有斐閣)』▽『地方債制度研究会編『地方債 平成25年改訂版』(2013・地方財務協会)』▽『中央文化社著・刊『市町村議員のためのよくわかる地方債』(月刊『地方議会人』別冊・2017)』 [参照項目] | | | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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