Earth Tides

Japanese: 地球潮汐 - ちきゅうちょうせき
Earth Tides

Changes on Earth caused by the gravitational forces of celestial bodies. The phenomenon of ocean tides, whereby sea levels periodically rise and fall due to the gravitational forces of the Moon and the Sun, is well known. These gravitational forces also act on the solid parts of the Earth, causing various periodic changes such as deformation of the Earth, changes in the direction of the vertical line, and changes in gravity. These changes on the solid parts of the Earth caused by the gravitational forces of the Moon and the Sun are collectively called Earth tides. Earth tides contain many periodic components, but the main ones are the M2 tide (12 hours 25 minutes) caused by the Moon, the O1 tide (25 hours 49 minutes), the K1 tide (23 hours 56 minutes) caused by both the Moon and the Sun, and the S2 tide (12 hours) caused by the Sun.

The magnitude of Earth tides varies depending on the location, but for example, the maximum vertical movement of the Earth's surface due to deformation is around 50 centimeters, the change in the direction of the vertical line is about 0.04 seconds, and the change in gravity is 0.002 millimeters per second per second, all of which are extremely small, about one ten-millionth of the actual magnitude. Therefore, these changes cannot be measured unless extremely precise measuring instruments are placed in places where disturbances are small. Earth tides are usually observed using highly sensitive extensometers and tiltmeters installed in underground observation tunnels, and gravimeters placed in places with little vibration.

Observing the Earth's tides and learning about the Earth's deformation is extremely important for understanding the elastic properties of the Earth, and this type of observation is carried out all over the world, including Japan.

[Nagasawa Takumi]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

天体引力によっておこる地球の変化現象。月や太陽の引力により周期的に海面が上下する海の潮汐現象はよく知られている。これらの引力は地球の固体部分にも同様に作用して、地球の変形、鉛直線の方向変化、重力値の変化などのさまざまな周期的変化を引き起こしている。このように、月、太陽の引力によって地球の固体部分に生じる変化現象のことを総称して地球潮汐という。地球潮汐は数多くの周期成分を含んでいるが、主要なものに、月によるM2潮(周期12時間25分)、O1潮(25時間49分)、月、太陽両方によるK1潮(23時間56分)、太陽によるS2潮(12時間)などがある。

 地球潮汐の大きさは場所によって異なるが、たとえば、変形による地表の上下は最大でも50センチメートル内外、鉛直線の方向変化は0.04秒程度、重力値の変化は0.002ミリメートル毎秒毎秒といった量で、いずれも本来の大きさの1000万分の1の桁(けた)の、ごくわずかな大きさのものである。そのため、これらの変化は、きわめて精密な測定器を、擾乱(じょうらん)の小さい場所に置かない限り測定できない。通常は、地下の観測坑に設置した高感度の伸縮計、傾斜計、振動の少ない場所に置いた重力計などで地球潮汐の観測が行われる。

 地球潮汐を観測し、地球の変形のようすを知ることは、地球の弾性的性質を知るために非常に重要なことで、この種の観測は日本を含めた世界各地で実施されている。

[長沢 工]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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