Justice of the Peace

Japanese: 治安判事 - ちあんはんじ(英語表記)justices of the peace
Justice of the Peace

The judges (sometimes called magistrates) of the magistrates' courts, one of the courts in the UK. The majority of magistrates (about 20,000) are lay (non-lawyers), and they receive advice on legal matters from clerks selected by barristers or solicitors with at least five years of experience. Lay magistrates were originally unpaid, part-time honorary positions, but are now provided with accommodation and allowances. In London and other relatively large cities, there are paid, full-time magistrates appointed by barristers or solicitors with at least seven years of experience. The main area of ​​activity of magistrates is criminal cases, which account for about 95% of all cases. For summary offences (relatively minor offences), they hear cases as the first instance of criminal cases. In civil cases, the main focus is on domestic relations cases. In addition, as an administrative power, they grant and renew licenses for liquor sales and entertainment facilities. In the United States, magistrates' courts, composed of magistrates, are sometimes established as the lowest-level courts in the states.

[Masao Horibe]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

イギリスの裁判所の一つである治安判事裁判所magistrates' courtsの裁判官(magistrateとよばれることもある)。素人(しろうと)(非法律家)の治安判事が圧倒的に多く(約2万人)、法律的問題については5年以上の経験を有するバリスターまたはソリシターから選ばれる書記官の助言を受けている。素人治安判事は元来、無給・非常勤の名誉職であったが、現在は滞在費や手当が支給される。また、ロンドンや比較的大きな都市には、7年以上の経験を有するバリスターまたはソリシターから任命される有給・常勤の治安判事がいる。治安判事の主要な活動領域は刑事事件で、その約95%を扱う。刑事事件のうち略式起訴犯罪(比較的軽微な犯罪)については、第一審として審理を行う。民事事件では、家事事件がおもなものである。また、行政的権限として、酒類販売や娯楽施設の免許の付与や更新を行っている。アメリカでも、州の最下位の裁判所として、治安判事で構成される治安判事裁判所が置かれている場合がある。

[堀部政男]

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