Dark muscle

Japanese: 血合肉 - ちあいにく(英語表記)dark muscle
Dark muscle

The dark red muscle on the side of the body of fish. It is also called the blood muscle. The blood muscle is divided into superficial dark muscle, which is well developed on the surface of the body, especially near the lower lateral line, and true dark muscle, which is located deep around the backbone.

Surface blood meat is found in all fish species, but it is well developed in fish that actively migrate along the ocean surface, and is only slightly developed in fish that live on the ocean floor or in the deep sea. True blood meat is only developed in medium-sized and large fish that migrate widely in the open ocean, such as bonito and tuna. The proportion of blood meat to the total meat varies greatly depending on the fish species, but in some it is more than 20% and in others it is less than a few percent, and usually it is 10 to 15%.

Dark meat has a rich distribution of blood vessels and contains a lot of red pigments such as myoglobin and hemoglobin, which are related to respiration. In addition, it contains more cytochromes, glycogen, B vitamins, and iron than regular meat. Dark meat uses glycogen and lipids as energy sources and uses a lot of oxygen, allowing it to withstand long periods of exercise. It is better at recovering fatigue than regular meat. Bluefin tuna, bonito, and other fish retain the heat of respiratory activity generated by active breathing in their bodies, and can further increase their body temperature through a special distribution system of blood vessels. In other words, while the heat of respiratory activity is transported from the body tissues to the gills by the blood vessels, it is transferred to blood vessels where blood flows in the opposite direction, circulating heat, which is called the reverse heat exchange system. Warm muscles increase swimming ability and enable migration to low water temperatures. Dark meat is also called the second liver. The two have similar compositions of lipids and cholesterol, and share a high content of glycogen and other substances in common. The dark meat generates the propulsive force for swimming and also performs some of the liver's functions. For this reason, fish with a well-developed dark meat tend to have small livers.

[Akira Ochiai and Kunio Amanooka, March 19, 2015]

Food

Dark meat is generally found in red meat fish such as bonito, tuna, mackerel, sardines and pacific saury, but is rare in white meat fish such as sea bream, cod and flounder. The dark meat is high in blood and iron, so it tastes less good, but it is rich in vitamins and has high nutritional value. Large fish are sometimes sold with the dark meat removed, but it is generally cooked with the dark meat still included. However, when eating raw, such as as sashimi, it is removed.

Dark meat has a strong fishy smell, so adding soy sauce or sugar, or using spices such as ginger or miso that have odor-masking properties, or curry powder, makes it easier to eat.

[Tomomi Kono]

[Reference] | Red streaks

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

魚類の体側にある筋肉のうち、暗赤色を呈する部分をいう。血合筋(ちあいきん)ともいう。血合肉は、体の表層部とくに側線下部付近によく発達する表層血合肉superficial dark muscleと、背骨の周囲の深部に位置する真正血合肉true dark muscleに分けられる。

 表層血合肉はいずれの魚類にもあるが、海洋の表層を活発に回遊する魚によく発達し、海底や深海にすむ魚ではわずかしか発達していない。真正血合肉はカツオ、マグロなど外洋を大回遊する中形魚、大形魚だけに発達している。血合肉の全肉量に対する割合は魚種によって千差万別であるが、多いものでは20%以上、少ないもので数%以下、普通10~15%である。

 血合肉は血管の分布が豊かであり、呼吸に関係したミオグロビン、ヘモグロビンなどの赤い色素が多い。そのほか、チトクロム、グリコーゲン、ビタミンB群、鉄なども普通肉に比べて多い。血合肉はグリコーゲンや脂質をエネルギー源として多くの酸素を利用し、長時間の運動に耐えられる。疲労を回復させる働きは普通肉よりも優れている。クロマグロ、カツオなどでは活発な呼吸によって生じた呼吸熱を体内に保持し、特殊な血管の分布系によってさらに体温を高めることができる。つまり呼吸熱が血管によって体組織からえらに運ばれる間に、血液が逆方向に流れる血管に移り、熱が循環する仕組みになっているためであり、これを逆熱交換システムとよぶ。暖かい筋肉は遊泳力を増すことができるし、低水温域へも回遊することを可能にしている。また、血合肉は第二の肝臓ともいわれる。脂質やコレステロールなどの組成が似ており、グリコーゲンなどの含量が多い点で両者は共通している。血合肉は遊泳の推進力を生み出すとともに、肝臓の働きの一部分を分担している。このため血合肉が発達した魚では肝臓が小さい傾向がある。

[落合 明・尼岡邦夫 2015年3月19日]

食品

血合肉は一般に、カツオ、マグロ、サバ、イワシ、サンマなど赤身の魚に多く、タイ、タラ、カレイなど白身の魚には少ない。血合の部分には血液や鉄分が多いため、食味は落ちるが、ビタミン類が多く、栄養価は高い。大形魚では、外した血合肉を売っていることもあるが、一般には、血合肉を含んだまま調理することが多い。しかし、刺身(さしみ)のように生食するときは取り除く。

 血合肉は生臭みが強いので、しょうゆや砂糖味をきかせたり、矯臭性のあるショウガやみそを用いたり、カレー粉など香辛料を使うと食べやすくなる。

[河野友美]

[参照項目] | 赤色筋

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