Blood -

Japanese: 血 - ち
Blood -

The red fluid tissue that flows through the blood vessels of animals. The physiological explanation of blood is written in the "Blood" section, and here we will touch on various human ideas and customs regarding blood.

Blood, which is deeply connected to human life and death, has been feared and worshipped by humans since ancient times. Various ideas are attached to blood, such as sometimes seeing sacred spiritual power in blood and sometimes being abhorred by it.

In cases where blood is recognized as having spiritual power and used for magical purposes, it can be seen in the following forms: mixing blood, drinking blood, smearing blood, sprinkling blood, offering blood to a god, etc. In order to gain inspiration, the female priests at the temple of the god Apollo in Greek mythology drank sheep's blood, and in India people drank the blood of goats offered to the goddess Kali. In the West, since ancient Rome, drinking blood has also been said to be effective against epilepsy. In addition, many ethnic groups would kill an animal when building a new house and smear its blood on the house, or smear the father's blood on the face of a newborn child. To pray for fertility, agricultural peoples would also smear the blood or flesh of human sacrifices on fields and rice seeds. Additionally, Australian Aborigines and the Madi people of central Africa sprinkle blood on people to purify them, and hunter-gatherers in Borneo sprinkle blood on themselves, their weapons, and their dogs. Blood is also considered to symbolize rain, and priests' blood is sometimes used in rainmaking ceremonies. In Japan, blood seals, blood writings, and blood pacts made to seal a blood bond between brothers are used as evidence of contracts and oaths, and blood has been given a special function to support kinship ties.

On the other hand, there are also special customs in various places that abhor blood. Blood is considered unclean, and special procedures are used to dispose of blood that has been spilled on the ground, women are forced to live in special huts during their menstrual period, and people refrain from hunting and fishing when they give birth.

These customs show that various societies had complex religious and social ideas about blood.

[Takemi Riko]

[References] | blood | blood ties |blood relatives| blood ties group | menstruation | blood oath

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

動物の血管の中を流れる赤色の流動組織。血の生理学的な解説は「血液」の項に書かれており、ここでは血に対する人間のさまざまな観念、習俗などについて触れる。

 人間の生死と深いかかわりをもつ血は、古くから人間に恐れられ、崇(あが)められてきた。ときには血に神聖な霊的な力をみいだし、ときにはそれを忌むというように、血にはさまざまな観念が付与されている。

 血の霊的な力を認め、これを呪術(じゅじゅつ)的に用いる場合には、血をあわせる、血を飲む、血を塗る、血を振りかける、血を神に捧(ささ)げるなどの形態がみいだされる。霊感を獲得するために、ギリシア神話の神アポロンの神殿の女司祭が羊の血を飲んだり、インドではカーリーの神に捧げた山羊(やぎ)の血を飲むことが行われた。西洋では古代ローマ以来、血を飲むことはてんかんに効くともいわれていた。このほか、多くの民族で、家を新築するときに動物を殺してその血を家に塗ったり、生まれたばかりの子供の顔に父親の血を塗ったりした。豊穣(ほうじょう)祈願のために、農耕民の間には、人身御供(ひとみごくう)の血や肉を畑や種籾(もみ)に塗ることも行われた。また、オーストラリア先住民やアフリカ中央部のマディ人は、清めのために人々に血を振りかけたり、ボルネオ島の狩猟民の間では、血を自分の体や武器や犬に振りかけるなどした。また血は雨を象徴するものともみなされ、雨乞(あまご)いの際に、祭司の血が使用されることもあった。このほか、日本などでも血判、血書や、血をあわせることによって兄弟の契りを結ぶことなどにみられるように、契約や誓約の証(あかし)として用いられたり、血に親族関係を支える特別な機能が与えられたりもしている。

 反面、血を忌み嫌うという特別な習俗も各地にみいだされる。血を不浄なものとし、土地に流された血を特別に始末したり、月経期間中の女性を特別の小屋に忌みごもらせたり、お産があった場合には狩猟や漁労を控えるというようなことも行われた。

 これらの習俗は、血にまつわる複雑な宗教観および社会的観念がさまざまな社会にあったことを物語っているといえよう。

[武見李子]

[参照項目] | 血液 | 血縁 | 血縁集団 | 月経 | 血判

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