French criminologist and sociologist. After graduating from the Toulouse Law School, he served as a judicial officer for many years, and in 1894 became head of the Crime Statistics Department of the Ministry of Justice. During this time he wrote works such as Comparative Criminology (1886), Philosophy of the Criminal (1890), and Criminology and Society (1892). From 1900 he was professor of modern philosophy at the Collège de France. He criticized Italian criminology, especially that of Lombroso, and supported the theory that crime is caused by social factors. However, at the same time, he also argued that responsibility for crime should be attributed to the criminal's personality, regardless of the nature of the crime. This view led to later sociological research. He was also influenced by Hegel, but especially by Cournot, and opposed Durkheim's sociology, rejected Spencer's theory of evolution, and focused on the study of psychological sociology. His most famous work, "The Laws of Imitation" (1890), clarified his position. Under the influence of Cournot, he considered invention to be an expression of chance, and emphasized it as the basis of progress and development. However, despite this, he believed that the formation of society must be sought above all in similarity and imitation, and that inventions can only be socialized through imitation. Tarde's "society" is formed through imitation. Thus, his sociology is reduced to the psychological thing of imitation. However, it was not an extension of psychology. The social is based on the psychological, but the two are on different levels, and social phenomena occur between conscious entities. In "Public Opinion and the Crowd" (1901), he clarified the concept of the "public" as distinguished from the crowd. He had something he wanted to entrust to the future of humanity. His posthumously published Fragments of a Future History (1905) depicts a utopian story free from coercion, and his other works include The Laws of Society (1898). [Takeshi Sato] "The Laws of Imitation, translated by Kazehaya Yashiro (1924, Jitsuryusha / 2008, Japan Library Center)" ▽ "Social Laws, translated by Kobayashi Chinyu (1943, Sogensha)" ▽ "Public Opinion and the Crowd, translated by Inaba Michio (1958 / New Edition, 1989, Miraisha)" ▽ "Social Laws / Monadology and Sociology, translated by Murazawa Mahoro and Nobutomo Takeshi (2008, Kawade Shobo Shinsha)" [References] | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
フランスの犯罪学者、社会学者。トゥールーズ法科大学卒業後、長年司法官の職にあり、1894年司法省犯罪統計局長となる。その間に、『比較刑事学』(1886)、『刑事哲学』(1890)、『犯罪研究と社会』(1892)などの著作を著した。1900年からはコレージュ・ド・フランスの現代哲学の教授。イタリアの犯罪学、とくにロンブローゾの犯罪学を批判し、犯罪の原因を社会的なものとする説を支持した。しかし、同時に、犯罪の性質にかかわりなく、犯罪の責任は犯罪者のパーソナリティーに帰せられることも主張した。こうした見解が、後の社会学的研究に連なった。 ヘーゲルの影響も受けていたが、とくにクールノーの影響を受けつつ、デュルケームの社会学に対立し、スペンサーの進化論を拒否し、心理学的社会学の研究に関心を注いでいった。『模倣の法則』(1890)は、彼の立場を明らかにした、もっとも有名な著作である。クールノーの影響のもと、発明を偶然性の発現とし、また、進歩、発展の基点として重視した。しかし、にもかかわらず、社会の成立はなによりも類似に、模倣に求められなければならない、発明も模倣によってのみ社会化されるとした。タルドの「社会」は模倣によって成立するのである。こうして彼の社会学は模倣という心理的なものに帰着する。だが、それは心理学の延長にあるものではなかった。社会的なものは心理的なものに基づいているが、両者は次元を異にし、社会現象は意識体と意識体との間に生起するというのである。『世論と群集』(1901)では、群集と区別される「公衆」の概念を明らかにした。彼には人類の未来に託したいものがあった。死後刊行された『未来史の断片』(1905)には強制から解放された一つのユートピア物語が描かれている。ほかに『社会法則』(1898)などがある。 [佐藤 毅] 『風早八十二訳『模倣の法則』(1924・而立社/2008・日本図書センター)』▽『小林珍雄訳『社会法則』(1943・創元社)』▽『稲葉三千男訳『世論と群集』(1958/新装版・1989・未来社)』▽『村澤真保呂・信友建志訳『社会法則/モナド論と社会学』(2008・河出書房新社)』 [参照項目] | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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