David, Jacques-Louis

Japanese: ダビッド(英語表記)David, Jacques-Louis
David, Jacques-Louis
Born: August 30, 1748, Paris, France
[Died] December 29, 1825. Brussels, Belgium. French painter. Founder and leader of Neoclassicism (→ Neoclassical art). Studied under François Boucher and Joseph-Marie Bien, and in 1774 won the Prix de Rome and studied in Italy (1775-80). He initially studied the works of the Bolognese school, but gradually became interested in classicism (→ Classical art). After returning to Italy, he produced his first major work, The Oath of the Horatii (1784-85, Louvre Museum). He became the court painter of Louis XVI, but during the French Revolution he sided with the Jacobins and was imprisoned. Later, with the rise of Napoleon I, he gained the favor of Napoleon I, became the emperor's chief painter, and dominated the art world. He placed importance on the strict composition and form of classical sculpture, and painted social and historical themes with precise brushwork. His students included François Gérard, Antoine-Jean Gros, and Jean Ingres. After the fall of Napoleon, he was exiled and fled to Brussels in 1816, where he died. Other major works include "The Death of Marat" (1793, Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium), "The Sabine Women" (1799, Louvre), "Portrait of Madame Récamier" (1800, Louvre), and "The Consecration of Napoleon I" (1805-07, Louvre).

David
David, Felicien-César

Born: April 13, 1810, Kadone
[Died] August 29, 1876. Saint-Germain-en-Laye French composer. He studied music at a Jesuit school, and after serving as choirmaster at the Saint-Sauber Cathedral in Aix-en-Provence, he entered the Conservatoire de Paris in 1830. The following year, he joined the socialist movement of Count Saint-Simon and composed ceremonial music for the movement. From 1833 to 1835, he traveled the Middle East, and after returning home, he composed choral pieces, symphonies, operas, and other works incorporating elements of Eastern music. His most famous work is the symphonic poem Le Désert (1844). David's music was praised by Hector Berlioz and Camille Saint-Saëns, and influenced operas such as Georges Bizet's Djamileh (1872) and Giuseppe F. F. Verdi's Aida (1871).

David
David, Pierre-Jean

Born: March 12, 1788 in Angers
Died January 5, 1856. French sculptor. Commonly known as David d'Angers. A representative sculptor who opposed the neoclassicism of the early 19th century and advocated Romantic sculpture. At the age of 17, he went to Paris to study under P. Laurent, and in 1811 he received the Prix de Rome and traveled to Italy to study under A. Canova for a time. In 1816 he returned to Paris and produced many portrait sculptures and medals using moderate realistic techniques, totalling over 500. He also showed a deep interest in politics, and was briefly elected as a member of parliament, but was banished to Belgium by Napoleon III. His works include the pediment sculptures of the Parthenon in Paris (1835-37), as well as many portraits of famous people such as the Prince of Condé, Goethe, and Bentham.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
[生]1748.8.30. フランス,パリ
[没]1825.12.29. ベルギー,ブリュッセル
フランスの画家。新古典主義(→新古典主義美術)の創始者,指導者。フランソア・ブーシェ,ジョゼフ=マリー・ビアンに師事,1774年ローマ大賞を得てイタリアに留学(1775~80)。初めボローニャ派の作品を学んだが,しだいに古典主義(→古典主義美術)に傾倒した。帰国後,最初の大作『ホラチウス兄弟の誓い』(1784~85,ルーブル美術館)を発表。ルイ16世の宮廷画家となったが,フランス革命時代はジャコバン党員(→ジャコバン派)として革命に味方し投獄された。その後ナポレオン1世の台頭とともにその寵を受け,皇帝の首席画家となって画壇に君臨。古典彫刻における厳正な構図と形式を重視して,社会的,歴史的な題材を精緻な筆致で描いた。門下にはフランソア・ジェラール,アントアーヌ=ジャン・グロ,ジャン・アングルなどがいる。ナポレオンの失脚後は追放され,1816年ブリュッセルに亡命,同地で没した。その他の主要作品に『マラーの死』(1793,ベルギー王立美術館),『サビニの女たち』(1799,ルーブル美術館),『レカミエ夫人像』(1800,ルーブル美術館),『ナポレオン1世の聖別式』(1805~07,ルーブル美術館)など。

ダビッド
David, Félicien-César

[生]1810.4.13. カドネ
[没]1876.8.29. サンジェルマンアンレ
フランスの作曲家。イエズス会の学校で音楽を学び,エクサンプロバンスのサンソベール大聖堂の聖歌隊指揮者を経て 1830年パリ国立音楽院に入学した。翌 1831年にサン=シモン伯爵の社会主義運動に加わり,同派の儀礼音楽を作曲。1833~35年中東を旅行し,帰国後東洋音楽の要素を取り入れた合唱曲,交響曲,オペラなどを作曲した。代表作は交響詩『砂漠』Le Désert(1844)。ダビッドの音楽はエクトール・ベルリオーズ,カミーユ・サン=サーンスに称賛され,またジョルジュ・ビゼーの『ジャミレー』Djamileh(1872)やジュゼッペ・F.F.ベルディの『アイーダ』Aida(1871)などのオペラに影響を与えた。

ダビッド
David, Pierre-Jean

[生]1788.3.12. アンジェ
[没]1856.1.5. パリ
フランスの彫刻家。通称 David d'Angers。 19世紀初頭の新古典主義に反対し,ロマン主義彫刻を主唱した代表的彫刻家。 17歳でパリに出て P.ローランに師事,1811年ローマ大賞を受けイタリアに遊学,一時 A.カノーバのもとで制作した。 16年パリに帰り,穏健な写実的技法により多くの肖像彫刻,メダルを制作,その数は 500をこえる。政治にも深い関心を示し,一時議員に選ばれたが,ナポレオン3世によりベルギーに追放された。作品にはパリのパルテノンの破風彫刻 (1835~37) のほか,コンデ公,ゲーテ,ベンサムなど有名人の肖像が多い。

出典 ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典について 情報

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