Tashkent (English spelling) Ташкент/Tashkent

Japanese: タシケント - たしけんと(英語表記)Ташкент/Tashkent
Tashkent (English spelling) Ташкент/Tashkent

The capital of the Republic of Uzbekistan in Central Asia, and the capital of Tashkent Oblast in the same republic. It is also called Tashkent. It is located in an oasis at the northwest foot of the Tian Shan Mountains, at an altitude of 430 meters, along the Chirchik River, a tributary of the Syr Darya. Population: 2,142,700 (1999), 2,509,969 (2019 estimate).

[Shuji Yamashita]

Geography

During the Soviet era, it was the fourth largest city after Moscow, Leningrad (Saint Petersburg), and Kiev, and even after independence, it has been the economic and cultural center of Central Asia. Historically, it was a key transportation hub, and even today there are air routes to Moscow, Tbilisi (Georgia), New Delhi (India), and it is also the starting point of the highway to the Tianshan Mountains. There are two railway lines, Ashgabat and Orenburg, as well as two branch lines. Industry has developed significantly since the Soviet era, and it is now the largest industrial city in Central Asia. The main heavy industries are machinery manufacturing, such as large agricultural machinery, looms, compressors, cables, and hoists. In addition, light industries include the largest cotton textile complex, as well as furniture, paper, ceramics, pharmaceutical chemicals, food (alcohol, canned goods, sweets, meat), footwear, and electrical equipment manufacturing. The city is powered by the Tashkent Thermal Power Plant, as well as hydroelectric power plants in the surrounding areas of Chirchik-Bozsuu and Farkhad. Natural gas from Jarkak and Gazli is sent to Tashkent by pipeline. The city was once divided into a poor old town (western part) from the Russian colonial period and a European-style new town (eastern part) inhabited by Russians, but the old town lined with adobe houses was destroyed in the great earthquake of April 26, 1966. However, it has been rebuilt remarkably since then, and redevelopment under a new urban plan has been successful, and the distinction between the old and new towns has disappeared. It is a center of learning and the arts, with many cultural facilities such as libraries, an ethnographic museum, theaters for opera, puppet shows, and ballet, concert halls, cinemas, circuses, and 11 parks. In addition, newspapers are published in three languages: Russian, Uzbek, and Tajik. The Asian-African Writers Conference was held here in 1958, and ceasefire negotiations between India and Pakistan were held in 1966.

Tashkent Oblast covers an area of ​​15,600 square kilometres and is mostly inhabited by Uzbeks and Russians, but there are also many other ethnic groups living there, including Kazakhs, Ukrainians and Tajiks.

[Shuji Yamashita]

history

The oldest record is "Shazetso" in the Chinese "Weishu" (Book of Wei). The names of "Shashi", "Takushi" and "Seki" in the territory of the Western Turks who ruled Central Asia during the Sui and Tang dynasties (6th to 10th centuries) are transliterations of "chach" (which is a variant of "shashi") and are the names of city-states centered on this oasis. From around the 13th century, this city came to be called Tashkent (which means "stone city" in Turkish). "Seki" in the Tang dynasty is also a translation of Tashkent. Tashkent was an area inhabited by Iranian peoples in ancient times, and came under the control of the Turks (Western Turks) from the 7th century. It is also recorded in "Records of the Great Tang Dynasty's Western Regions" by Xuanzang, who visited the area. In the 10th century, it came under the domain of the Samanid and Kara-Khanid dynasties, gradually becoming Turkomanized and Islamic. In the 13th and 14th centuries, it became part of the Chagatai Khanate, and in the 15th century, it became part of the Timurid Empire. After that, the name Tashkent became established, and in the Ming dynasty, it was written as "Dashigan." From the 16th century onwards, it became a battleground between the Oirats, Uzbeks, and Kazakhs, and in the late 18th century, it became part of the Kokand Khanate, which repelled the Kazakhs. Around this time, Tashkent became a key commercial location, where Russians, Kazakhs, and Kokand people gathered and distributed goods. In the late 19th century, it was conquered by Imperial Russia, and became the administrative and economic center of the middle reaches of the Syr Darya.

[Toru Saguchi]

[References] | Uzbekistan | Kokand Khanate | Timur Empire

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

中央アジア、ウズベキスタン共和国の首都、同共和国タシケント州の州都。タシュケントともいう。天山山脈の北西麓(ろく)のオアシスにあり、標高430メートル、シルダリヤ支流チルチク川に沿う。人口214万2700(1999)、250万9969(2019推計)。

[山下脩二]

地誌

旧ソ連時代はモスクワ、レニングラード(サンクト・ペテルブルグ)、キエフに次ぐ第四の大都市で、独立後も中央アジアにおける経済、文化の中心地である。歴史的にも交通の要地であったが、いまもモスクワ、トビリシ(ジョージア)、ニュー・デリー(インド)など内外への空路があり、天山山中への自動車道の起点ともなっている。鉄道はアシガバート、オレンブルグ両鉄道のほか、2支線が通っている。ソビエト時代になってから工業が著しく発達し、現在では中央アジア最大の工業都市となっている。おもな工業は、重工業では大型農機具、織機、コンプレッサー、ケーブル、起重機などの機械製造業である。また軽工業では最大級の綿織物コンビナートがあるほか、家具、紙、陶器、薬品化学、食品(酒類、缶詰、菓子類、食肉)、履物製造、電気機器製造などがある。動力源はタシケント火力発電所のほか、周辺のチルチク・ボズスーやファルハドの水力発電所である。ジャルカクやガズリの天然ガスがパイプラインによりタシケントに送られている。かつてはロシア植民地時代の貧しい旧市街(西部)とロシア人の住むヨーロッパ風の新市街(東部)に分けられていたが、1966年4月26日の大地震で日干しれんが造の家の並ぶ旧市街は壊滅した。しかしその後の復興は目覚ましく、また新しい都市計画による再開発も功を奏し、新旧市街の区別は解消している。学問、芸術の中心地で、図書館、民族歴史博物館、オペラ・人形芝居・バレエなどの劇場、コンサートホール、映画館、サーカス、11の公園など多数の文化施設がある。またこの地の新聞は、ロシア語、ウズベク語、タジク語の3種が発行されている。1958年にアジア・アフリカ作家会議、1966年にはインド・パキスタン停戦交渉が開かれた。

 タシケント州は面積1万5600平方キロメートル、住民はウズベク人とロシア人が多数を占めるが、カザフ人、ウクライナ人、タジク人など、多くの民族が住んでいる。

[山下脩二]

歴史

中国の『魏書(ぎしょ)』に「者舌(しゃぜつ)国」とあるのが最古の記録で、隋(ずい)・唐(とう)時代(6~10世紀)に中央アジアに君臨した西突厥(にしとっけつ)の領内にあった「赭時(しゃじ)国」「拓支(たくし)国」「石(せき)国」などの名は「者舌」とともにチャーチ(転じてシャーシ)の音訳であり、このオアシスを中心とする都市国家の呼称である。13世紀ごろから、この都市はタシケント(トルコ語で「石の都市」の意)とよばれるようになった。唐代の石国というのもタシケントの訳語にあたる。タシケントは古代はイラン系民族の住地で、7世紀からトルコ人(西突厥)の勢力下に入り、この地を訪れた玄奘(げんじょう)の『大唐西域記』にも記録されている。10世紀にはサーマーン朝、カラ・ハン朝の領域に入って、しだいにトルコ・イスラム化し、13、14世紀にはチャガタイ・ハン国領、15世紀にはティームール帝国領となり、以後、タシケントの都市名が定着し、明(みん)朝では「達失干」と書かれた。16世紀以降、オイラート人、ウズベク人、カザフ人の争奪地となり、18世紀後半にはカザフ人を撃退したコーカンド・ハン国領となった。このころ、タシケントは商業の要地となり、ロシア人、カザフ人、コーカンド人が物資を集散した。19世紀後半、帝政ロシアに征服され、シルダリヤ中流域の行政・経済の中心となった。

[佐口 透]

[参照項目] | ウズベキスタン | コーカンド・ハン国 | ティームール帝国

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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