Takeda clan

Seiwa Genji. A samurai clan whose ancestor was Yoshikiyo, the son of Shinra Saburo Yoshimitsu. He became the official of Takeda Manor in Koma County, Kai Province, took the surname Takeda, and went from being Kai Province's Shugo to being a Sengoku Daimyo. Yoshikiyo's grandson Nobuyoshi distinguished himself in battle on the side of Minamoto no Yoritomo during the Jisho-Juei Civil War (the Genpei War), and after the establishment of the Kamakura Shogunate, he became a powerful Gokenin and was appointed Shugo. However, Yoritomo, fearing the rise of the Kai Genji, murdered Nobuyoshi's eldest son Ichijo Tadayori and his younger brother Yasuda Yoshisada. The direct line was succeeded by Isawa Nobumitsu, whose descendants branched out from the clan, inheriting the position of shugo and accumulating land stewardship of manors. Nobumitsu played an active role in the Jokyu War (1221), but his son Nobumasa and the following generations saw no notable activity, and the clan weakened towards the end of the Kamakura period. However, Nobutake played an active role on the Ashikaga side during the civil war between the Northern and Southern Courts, and came to hold the position of shugo not only in Kai Province, but also in Aki and Wakasa Provinces. From then on, the clan reigned as shugo daimyo until the time of Nobumitsu. However, in the Uesugi Zenshu Rebellion of 1416 (Oei 23), Nobumitsu sided with Zenshu as a maternal relative, and after being defeated committed suicide. After that, the state of the province without a shugo continued for several generations, and local lords became entrenched and threatened the Takeda clan, but in 1438 (Eikyō 10), the shugo Nobushige was able to return to Kai. His grandson Nobumasa regained power, but came into conflict with his son Nobunawa. Furthermore, powerful local lords such as Oyamada, Oi, Anayama, and Henmi divided their territories within the province, and rebellions also occurred within the clan. In addition, rivalries with the Later Hojo and Imagawa clans arose, leading to the turmoil of the Sengoku period. Nobutora, the son of Nobutora, succeeded to the family headship in 1507 (Eisho 4), and in 1519 moved his residence from Isawa to Tsutsujigasaki in Kofu, unifying the country and establishing the foundations for a Sengoku daimyo. His son, Harunobu (Shingen), conquered the surrounding areas and formed a territory that extended over Shinano, Suruga, Kozuke, Hida, Mino, Totomi, and parts of Mikawa, becoming a great daimyo in the Chubu region, but his son, Katsuyori, was attacked by Oda Nobunaga in 1582 (Tensho 10), and the Takeda clan was destroyed.

[Shunroku Shibatsuji]

"Takeda Shingen" by Takahiro Okuno (1959, Yoshikawa Kobunkan) " "Takeda Shingen" by Masayoshi Isogai (1970, Shinjinbutsu Oraisha)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

清和源氏(せいわげんじ)。新羅三郎(しんらさぶろう)義光(よしみつ)の子義清(よしきよ)を祖とする武家。甲斐国(かいのくに)巨摩(こま)郡武田荘(たけだのしょう)の荘官となり武田姓を名のり、甲斐国守護から戦国大名となる。義清の孫信義(のぶよし)が治承(じしょう)・寿永(じゅえい)の内乱（源平の合戦）で源頼朝(みなもとのよりとも)方として戦功をたて、鎌倉幕府の成立後に有力御家人(ごけにん)となり、守護職(しゅごしき)に任ぜられた。しかし甲斐源氏の台頭を恐れた頼朝によって、信義の長男一条忠頼(いちじょうただより)と弟の安田義定(やすだよしさだ)らは謀殺された。嫡系は石和信光(いさわのぶみつ)が継ぎ、以後その子孫が一族を分出させながら守護職を世襲し、荘園の地頭職をも集積していった。信光は承久(じょうきゅう)の乱（1221）で活躍するが、その子信政(のぶまさ)以後の数代には目だった動きがみられず、鎌倉末期には弱体化していった。しかし信武(のぶたけ)が南北朝の内乱期に足利(あしかが)方として活躍し、甲斐国のみならず、安芸(あき)・若狭国(わかさのくに)守護職をも兼ねることになった。以後信満(のぶみつ)のときまで守護大名として君臨した。しかし1416年（応永23）の上杉禅秀(うえすぎぜんしゅう)の乱で信満は外戚(がいせき)として禅秀方に味方し、敗れて自害した。その後数代は守護不在国の状態が続き、国人(こくじん)が蟠踞(ばんきょ)して武田氏を脅かしたが、1438年（永享10）に守護信重(のぶしげ)は甲斐に帰ることができた。その孫信昌(のぶまさ)は勢力を挽回(ばんかい)したが、子の信縄(のぶつな)と対立。さらに国内においては、小山田(おやまだ)、大井、穴山(あなやま)、逸見(へんみ)などの強力な国人が割拠し、また一族内の反乱も起こり、加えて後北条(ごほうじょう)、今川氏などとの対抗が生じ戦国動乱へと発展する。信縄の子信虎(のぶとら)が1507年（永正4）に家督を継ぎ、1519年石和から甲府の躑躅ヶ崎(つつじがさき)に居館を移し、国内を統一、戦国大名としての基盤を築いた。その子晴信(はるのぶ)（信玄(しんげん)）は周辺地を征服し信濃(しなの)・駿河(するが)と、上野(こうずけ)・飛騨(ひだ)・美濃(みの)・遠江(とおとうみ)・三河の一部にわたる領国を形成して、中部地方の大大名となったが、その子勝頼(かつより)は、1582年（天正10）に織田信長に攻められ、武田家は滅亡した。

［柴辻俊六］

『奥野高広著『武田信玄』（1959・吉川弘文館）』▽『磯貝正義著『武田信玄』（1970・新人物往来社）』

出典　小学館　日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について　情報 | 凡例