Underground request - Jigeuke

This is a system whereby the peasants of a manor contract to pay annual taxes to the lord of the manor. It is also called peasant contract. There were other contract systems for annual taxes for manors, such as Jito-uke, Daikan-uke, and Shugo-uke, but the first appearance of Jigyo-uke was in 1240 (Ninji 1) in the case of Kubo-sho, Yamato Province (Kubonosho-cho, Nara City), which was owned by Todaiji Temple. After this, in the Kamakura period, the contracting of annual taxes by powerful myoshu increased. A representative example is the case of Oyama-sho, Tamba Province (Tamba Sasayama City, Hyogo Prefecture), which was owned by Todaiji Temple, in 1318 (Bunpo 2). In Oyamasho, they sued illegal daikan and succeeded in getting them removed from the government, and also conducted their own investigations and concluded a todaisadame (deciding the amount of annual tax per tan) with the feudal lord, thus establishing the jika-uke system. After the Nanboku-cho period, not only did the number of such cases increase, but the influence of ordinary small farmers on the traditional headman grew, and the role of village ties became greater, and these autonomous villages, or so, became the main actors in the contracting process.

[Naonori Kurokawa]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

荘園(しょうえん)領主に対して、荘園の百姓が年貢を請け負う制度。百姓請ともいう。荘園年貢の請負制度としては、ほかに地頭(じとう)請、代官請、守護(しゅご)請などがあったが、地下請の初見は1240年（仁治1）の東大寺領大和(やまと)国窪(くぼ)庄（奈良市窪之庄町）の事例である。これ以降、鎌倉時代には有力名主(みょうしゅ)による年貢請負が増加した。その代表的なものとして、1318年（文保2）の東寺領丹波(たんば)国大山(おおやま)荘（兵庫県丹波篠山(ささやま)市）の事例がある。大山荘では非法代官を訴えて、その改易に成功するとともに、自らの手で検注を行い、領主との間に斗代定(とだいさだめ)（反別の年貢高の確定）をして地下請を成立させた。南北朝期以降になると、その事例が増加するだけでなく、旧来の名主に対する一般の小百姓の影響力が強まり、村落結合の役割が大きくなって、この自治的村落＝惣(そう)が請負の主体となってくる。

［黒川直則］

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