The first rank of diplomatic envoy. There are permanent and temporary diplomatic envoys, but the word ambassador generally refers to the former permanent diplomatic envoy, i.e., ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary. The term "extraordinary" was originally used for envoys dispatched temporarily with a special mission, but in the latter half of the 17th century, it became customary to use it for permanent envoys. In the 18th century, various ranks and names were used for envoys, and the term "extraordinary" was added to assert a higher rank and ranking than others, and there were frequent disputes over the rank and ranking of envoys. In the 19th century, rules were established regarding the rank and ranking of envoys, making it clear that even if "extraordinary" was added, it did not have a higher ranking, and ambassadors were considered to be ambassadors extraordinary and plenipotentiary. Ambassadors and other envoys (envoys, chargés-de-camps) differ in rank and ranking in terms of ceremonies, but not in terms of duties and privileges. The types of envoys exchanged between the countries concerned are decided by agreement, but in the past, it was customary for ambassadors to be exchanged between major powers, and ministers between major and smaller powers, or between smaller powers. For example, Japan began exchanging ambassadors with major powers after the Russo-Japanese War. However, this custom gradually disappeared, and after World War II, and especially since the 1960s, most countries began to exchange ambassadors, with the exchange of ministers becoming the exception. [Kazuya Hirobe] [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
第一の階級の外交使節。常駐外交使節と臨時外交使節の場合があるが、普通に大使という場合は、前者の常駐の外交使節、すなわち特命全権大使のことである。「特命」の用語は、当初は、特別の任務をもって臨時に派遣される使節に用いられたものであるが、17世紀の後半に常駐の使節に用いる慣例が生じた。18世紀になって、使節に種々の階級と名称が用いられるようになり、「特命」の用語は他よりもより上位の階級・席次を主張するために付加されるなど、使節の階級・席次をめぐってしばしば争いが生じた。19世紀になって、使節の階級・席次に関する規則が定められ、「特命」が付加されても上位の席次を有しないことが明確にされ、大使は特命全権大使であるとされた。大使と他の使節(公使、代理公使)とでは、階級と席次について儀礼の点で異なるが、任務・特権の点では異ならない。当事国間でどのような使節を交換するかは合意によって決められるが、かつては、大使は大国相互間、公使は大国と小国との間や小国相互間に交換されるのが慣例であった。たとえば、わが国が大国との間で大使を交換したのは日露戦争後のことである。しかし、しだいにこのような慣例はなくなり、第二次世界大戦後、とくに1960年代以降、ほとんどの国の間で大使を交換するようになり、公使の交換は例外的になった。 [広部和也] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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