Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr Isaevich

Japanese: ソルジェニーツィン（英語表記）Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr Isaevich

Born: December 11, 1918, Kislovodsk
[Died] August 3, 2008. Troitseryucovo, near Moscow. Russian novelist and historian. Born into a Cossack intellectual family. Graduated with a bachelor's degree in mathematics from Rostov University, and studied literature through correspondence courses at Moscow University. When the Soviet Union entered World War II, he was drafted and awarded a medal for his military service, but just before the end of the war, he was accused of criticizing Joseph Stalin and sent to a labor camp (Laguerra). Released after criticizing Stalin in 1956, he was officially rehabilitated the following year in 1957, and began full-fledged creative work. He made his name with his first novel One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovicha (1962), and attracted worldwide attention with works with radical themes that exposed the contradictions in Soviet society, such as Sluchai na stantsii Krechetovka (1963) and Matrenin dvor (1963). However, due to his anti-establishment behavior, he was no longer able to publish his works in the country after 1966, and his works, such as the full-length novel Rakovy korpus (1968) and In Purgatory (1968), were published abroad one after another. As a result, he was expelled from the Soviet Union, but in 1970 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. He also published his novel Avgust 1914 (1971) abroad, and in 1973 published the first volume of Arkhipelag Gulag (Archipelago of the Gulags) in Paris, shedding light on the dark history of the Soviet Union over the last 50 years, the camps, and thoroughly criticizing the Soviet authorities. As a result, he was deported in 1974, and stayed in Switzerland for a time, before moving to the United States. During this time, he published volumes 2 and 3 of Arkhipelag Gulag, an autobiographical work Bodalsya telyonok s dubom (The Calf Goes to the Oak Tree) (1975), and Lenin v Tsyurikhe: glavy (1975). After the Soviet Union introduced glasnost, the ban on his works was lifted in Russia, and in 1990 he officially regained his citizenship. In May 1994, he returned to Russia for the first time in 20 years.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

[生]1918.12.11. キスロボツク
[没]2008.8.3. モスクワ近郊トロイツェリュコボ
ロシアの小説家，歴史家。コサックのインテリ一家に生まれた。ロストフ大学で数学の学士号を取得，モスクワ大学の通信教育で文学を学んだ。ソビエト連邦が第2次世界大戦に参戦すると召集され，戦功により勲章を授けられたが，終戦の直前にヨシフ・スターリンを批判した疑いで告発され，収容所（ラーゲリ）に送られた。1956年のスターリン批判のあと釈放され，翌 1957年正式に名誉を回復，本格的な創作活動を始めた。第一作『イワン・デニーソヴィチの一日』Odin den iz zhizni lvana Denisovicha（1962）で一躍文名を高め，『クレチェトフカ駅の出来事』Sluchai na stantsii Krechetovka（1963），『マトリョーナの家』Matrënin dvor（1963）など，ソ連社会の矛盾をついた先鋭な主題をもった作品で世界的な注目を浴びた。ところが反体制的な言動のため，1966年以後国内で作品発表ができなくなり，長編小説『ガン病棟』Rakovy korpus（1968），『煉獄のなかで』V kruge pervom （1968）などの作品が次々に国外で出版された。そのため作家同盟を除名されたが，1970年にはノーベル文学賞を受賞した。長編『1914年8月』Avgust 1914（1971）も国外で出版，1973年にはパリで『収容所群島』Arkhipelag Gulag 1巻を発表，ソ連 50年の陰の歴史，ラーゲリに照明をあて，ソ連当局を徹底的に批判した。そのため 1974年国外追放となり，一時スイスに滞在したが，その後アメリカ合衆国に移った。この間『収容所群島』の 2巻と 3巻，自伝的作品『仔牛が樫の木に角突いた』Bodalsya telyonok s dubom（1975），『チューリヒのレーニン』Lenin v Tsyurikhe: glavy（1975）を発表した。ソ連がグラスノスチを導入後，国内でも作品が解禁され，1990年正式に市民権を回復した。1994年5月，20年ぶりにロシアへの帰国を果たした。

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