Service of a document is a formality prescribed by the Civil Procedure Act for the smooth progress of legal proceedings. In other words, service of a document is intended to inform the parties and other parties to a lawsuit of the contents of the document or to provide them with an opportunity to do so in a certain manner. [Takeyoshi Uchida and Tetsuo Kato] Service of process in civil proceedingsThe Civil Procedure Code stipulates the cases in which documents must be delivered through the service procedure, and following this procedure produces certain effects. For example, the service of a complaint establishes a lawsuit against the defendant (Civil Procedure Code, Article 138), and the service of a final judgment starts the indefinite period for appeal (a statutory period that the court cannot freely extend or shorten) (Civil Procedure Code, Articles 285 and 313). In civil lawsuits, except where otherwise provided, service is generally by delivery service, where the delivery agency personally hands the document to be delivered to the addressee at that person's address (Civil Procedure Code, Articles 101 and 103), but in the following cases, service to a person other than the person himself will produce an effect against the person himself. (1) Service of process on a person without capacity to sue shall be made by his/her legal representative (Article 102, Paragraph 1 of the said Act). (2) Service of a document to a person incarcerated in a penal institution shall be made by the warden of the institution (Article 102, Paragraph 3 of the said Act), who shall be responsible for delivering the document to the person in question. Regarding service on an agent, there is a special provision that even if several persons are to exercise power of attorney jointly, service need only be made to one of them (Article 102, Paragraph 2 of the same law). In cases where service by delivery cannot be used, there are other methods such as face-to-face service (Article 105 of the same law), supplementary service (Article 106, Paragraphs 1 and 2 of the same law), and service at risk (Article 106, Paragraph 3 of the same law), and in cases where these methods cannot be used, there is service by registered mail, etc. (Article 107 of the same law) and service in a foreign country (Article 108 of the same law). As a method when the address of the other party is unknown, there is a system of service by publication (Article 110 of the same law). Unless otherwise specified, service is to be made ex officio (Article 98, Paragraph 1 of the Civil Procedure Act), and the clerk of the court receiving the proceedings shall handle the affairs (Article 98, Paragraph 2 of the Civil Procedure Act), but in some cases the clerk of the district court where the service is to be made may be commissioned to do so (Civil Procedure Rules, Article 39). Those who carry out the service procedure include bailiffs and postal mail carriers (Civil Procedure Act, Article 99), and in some cases the court clerk may carry it out himself (Articles 100 and 111 of the Civil Procedure Act). [Takeyoshi Uchida and Tetsuo Kato] Service of process in criminal proceedingsIn criminal proceedings, there are services such as the service of a summons (Criminal Procedure Code, Articles 65 and 153), the service of a certified copy of the indictment (Criminal Procedure Code, Articles 255 and 271, and Criminal Procedure Rules, Articles 166 and 176), and the service of a certified copy of the court document (Criminal Procedure Rules, Article 34). However, with regard to the service of these documents, except when there are special provisions in the rules of the court, such as the cases provided for in Criminal Procedure Rules, Article 62 (notification for service), Article 63 (service by registered mail, etc.), Article 63-2 (service at the place of work), Article 64 (service to the public prosecutor), and Article 65 (service by delivery), the provisions of the laws and regulations concerning civil proceedings (Civil Procedure Code, Articles 98, 99, 101, 102, 103, 105, 106, 108, 109, etc., excluding the provisions concerning service by public notice) are applied mutatis mutandis (Criminal Procedure Code, Article 54). The reason why the provisions regarding service by public notice (service by posting in the court's bulletin board) do not apply mutatis mutandis is to avoid prejudice to the interests of the defendant. The dispatch of documents is handled by the court clerk (Criminal Procedure Rules, Article 298). [Ichiro Uchida] [Reference] | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
訴訟手続の円滑な進行のために、訴訟書類の交付について訴訟法の規定する形式手続をいう。すなわち送達は、一定の方式に従って当事者その他の訴訟関係人に訴訟上の書類の内容を了知させ、またはその機会を与えることを目的としている。 [内田武吉・加藤哲夫] 民事訴訟における送達民事訴訟法は、かならず送達手続によって書類を交付すべき場合を定め、この手続に従うことにより一定の効果を生じさせることにしている。たとえば、訴状の送達によって、被告に対する関係において訴訟が成立し(民事訴訟法138条)、終局判決の送達によって、上訴の不変期間(法定期間のうち、裁判所が自由にその期間を伸縮できないもの)が開始される(同法285条、313条)などの効力が生ずる。民事訴訟では、送達は、特別の定めがある場合を除き、送達すべき書類を送達機関が名宛(なあて)人に、その人の住所で直接手渡す交付送達(同法101条、103条)が原則であるが、次の場合には本人以外の者に送達することにより、本人に対して効力を生ずる。 (1)訴訟無能力者に対する送達は、その法定代理人にする(同法102条1項)。 (2)刑事施設に収容されている者に対する送達は、刑事施設の長にし(同法102条3項)、その者の責任で本人に書類を交付させる。 代理人に対する送達については、数人が共同して代理権を行うべき場合においても、送達はその1人に対してすればよい(同法102条2項)との特則がある。なお、交付送達の方法をとれない場合には、出会送達(同法105条)、補充送達(同法106条1項・2項)、差置送達(同法106条3項)などがあり、これらの方法もとれない場合として、書留郵便等に付する送達(同法107条)や外国における送達(同法108条)がある。相手方の住所が不明の場合の方法としては公示送達(同法110条)の制度がある。 送達は、特別の定めがある場合を除き、職権でするものとし(同法98条1項)、受訴裁判所の書記官がその事務を取り扱う(同法98条2項)が、場合により送達地の地方裁判所の書記官に嘱託することもできる(民事訴訟規則39条)。送達手続を実施する者としては、執行官ならびに郵便集配人があり(民事訴訟法99条)、裁判所書記官が自ら実施する場合もある(同法100条、111条)。 [内田武吉・加藤哲夫] 刑事訴訟における送達刑事訴訟では、召喚状の送達(刑事訴訟法65条、153条)、起訴状謄本の送達(同法255条、271条、刑事訴訟規則166条、176条)、裁判書の謄本の送達(同規則34条)などがあるが、これらの書類の送達については、裁判所の規則に特別の定めのある場合、すなわち刑事訴訟規則第62条(送達のための届出)、第63条(書留郵便等に付する送達)、第63条の2(就業場所における送達)、第64条(検察官に対する送達)、第65条(交付送達)の定める場合を除いては、民事訴訟に関する法令の規定(民事訴訟法98条、99条、101条、102条、103条、105条、106条、108条、109条など。ただし公示送達に関する規定を除く)が準用されている(刑事訴訟法54条)。公示送達(裁判所の掲示場に掲示して行う送達)に関する規定が準用されないのは、被告人の利益を害さないためである。書類の発送は、裁判所書記官がこれを取り扱う(刑事訴訟規則298条)。 [内田一郎] [参照項目] | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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