A military aircraft equipped with a large radar that monitors in the air to detect enemy air attacks early. The significance of monitoring from the air is not only that the monitoring network can be deployed forward, but also that it can be seen from a high position and detected from a long distance, whereas ground and ship-based radar cannot detect low-flying targets that are in the shadow of the horizon due to the curvature of the earth. It was first put into practical use after World War II, and while there are newly designed aircraft such as the E-2 for shipboard use, many of the large aircraft used at land bases are based on transport aircraft. The US Air Force's E-3 was developed from a Boeing 707 passenger aircraft, and Russia's A-50 was developed from an Il-76 cargo aircraft. Early warning aircraft are part of an air defense system and send the information they obtain to interceptor fighter aircraft and anti-aircraft missile units, but their command capabilities have gradually been strengthened to grasp the situation in the entire battlefield and even command tactical attack forces. Those with high command capabilities such as the E-3 are also called AWACS (Airborne Warning and Control System). [Katsuhiro Fujita] [Reference items] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
相手の航空攻撃を早期に探知するため、大型のレーダーをつけて空中で警戒にあたる軍用機。空中からの警戒が大きな意義をもつのは、警戒網を前進して配せるという点に加え、地上や艦載レーダーでは地球の丸みにより水平線の陰になる低空飛行目標を探知できないのに対し、高い位置から見通して遠距離から発見できるためである。実用化が開始されたのは第二次世界大戦後で、艦載用としてはE‐2のような新規設計のものもあるが、陸上基地で使う大型機は輸送機をベースにしたものが多い。米空軍のE‐3はボーイング707旅客機、ロシアのA‐50はIl‐76貨物輸送機から生みだされたものである。早期警戒機は防空システムの一部として、得た情報を迎撃戦闘機や対空ミサイル部隊に送るが、しだいに指揮能力が強化され、戦域全体の状況を把握し、戦術攻撃部隊の指揮までできるようになっている。E‐3のように指揮能力の大きいものはAWACS(Airborne Warning And Control System、空中早期警戒管制機)ともよばれている。 [藤田勝啓] [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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