Binocular telescope

Japanese: 双眼鏡 - そうがんきょう(英語表記)binocular telescope
Binocular telescope

A telescope that gives a three-dimensional effect by allowing the image to be viewed with both eyes, making it easier to see. An upright image is desirable for observation with the naked eye. For this reason, an element that turns an inverted image into an upright image is inserted between the objective lens and the eyepiece. Binoculars are also desirably small so that they are easy to carry around. For these two purposes, a Porro prism or similar is inserted to make the image upright, while at the same time folding back the optical path to shorten the length of the telescope tube. Handheld binoculars have a maximum magnification of 8x. For binoculars to be used in broad daylight, the objective lens diameter is 3mm x magnification. For binoculars to be used at dusk, a diameter of 6mm x magnification is required. This is because the pupil diameter of the naked eye changes between 3 and 6mm when the brightness of the outside world changes.

Japan's binoculars manufacturing technology made great strides during World War II to meet the needs of the Army and Navy. After the war, production switched back to civilian demand, but exports, especially to the United States, grew significantly because prices were low compared to the quality. Great efforts were made by both the government and private sector to maintain prices and quality. Until now, binoculars made in Japan were based on models made by Bausch & Lomb of the United States and Zeiss of Germany, but recently a model called the H-type has been manufactured, which uses an ingenious prism shape to make them even slimmer and lighter.

Binoculars are used for watching horse races, bird watching, and monitoring large areas, but in densely populated areas, care must be taken to avoid violating the privacy of others. Small opera glasses, although with low magnification, are useful for observing the details of a play at the theater or a slide presentation at a lecture.

[Kazuo Miyake]

Main types of binoculars and their optical paths
©Takashi Aoki

Main types of binoculars and their optical paths


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

両眼で像を見ることにより、立体感を与え像を見やすくした望遠鏡。肉眼で観察するには正立像が望ましい。このため倒立像を正立像にする素子を対物レンズと接眼レンズの間に挿入する。また双眼鏡は持ち運びに便利なように小型であることが望まれる。以上二つの目的のため、ポロプリズムなどを挿入し像を正立像にすると同時に、光路を折り返して鏡筒の長さを短くする。手に持って観察できる双眼鏡の倍率は8倍止まりである。白昼使用する双眼鏡では対物レンズの直径は3ミリメートル×倍率とする。夕暮れ時に使用する双眼鏡では6ミリメートル×倍率の直径が必要である。これは外界の明るさが変化すると、肉眼の瞳孔(どうこう)径が3~6ミリメートルの範囲で変化するためである。

 日本の双眼鏡製造技術は、第二次世界大戦中に陸海軍の必要を満たすため、飛躍的に進歩した。戦後は民需に切り替えられたが、品質に比べ価格が低廉なため、とくにアメリカ向けの輸出が大いに伸びた。価格を維持し品質を保持するために官民一致して大きな努力が払われた。日本では、これまでアメリカのボシュロム社とドイツのツァイス社の製品を模した型の双眼鏡が製造されていたが、最近プリズムの形をくふうして、さらに細型で軽量にしたH型と称する型が製造されるようになった。

 双眼鏡は、競馬の観戦、野鳥の観察、広大な地域の監視などに利用されるが、人口密集地などでは他人のプライバシーの侵害などに注意する必要がある。劇場での観劇、講演会でのスライド映写の細部観察には、倍率は低いが、小型のオペラグラスが便利である。

[三宅和夫]

双眼鏡のおもな種類と光路
©青木 隆">

双眼鏡のおもな種類と光路


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