Figurehead - figurehead

Japanese: 船首像 - せんしゅぞう(英語表記)figurehead
Figurehead - figurehead

One of the decorations on a ship is a sculpture that is adorned at the tip of the bow of a Western-style ship. It is thought that originally it was attached to ships for two reasons. One was religious, and it was believed that a statue that would please the god of the sea was to be carried on board in order to pray to him for the safety of the ship. The other was that it was believed that the ship itself needed eyes in order to navigate a safe route. From this point of view, although the shape has changed, there has been a custom of painting or attaching some kind of picture or statue to the bow of a ship around the world. In the East, large eyes were painted on the water-pressing stick, and in ancient Egypt, bird statues were attached to the top of the bow, which is thought to have had the same purpose. In addition, ancient Greece, Rome, and Phoenicia also had the custom of attaching animal heads such as lions to the bow of a ship. Tapestries with such patterns woven into them were also hung from the bow to decorate it, and all of these can be said to be the origin of the figurehead. Around the beginning of the 16th century, the custom of attaching a figure related to the ship's name to the lower part of the base of the bowsprit of the ship's bow was established in France, and this custom spread widely throughout the West. It became more elaborate, and famous sculptors carved beautiful women or heroes as figureheads and attached them to the ship. For example, the clipper Cutty Sark (2,133 tons displacement), built in 1869 and still preserved today, has a figurehead of a "witch" related to the ship's name, which is recorded as having been carved by F. Ferrier. At least in the case of sailing ships, almost all ships now have figureheads. These figures were carved from wood and painted in bright colors. The names of ships known for their figureheads and the years of their construction include mythical animal figures such as Half Moon (1606) and Seahorse (1774), beautiful women such as Terra Nova (1736), Queen Shallotte (1780), and Shannon (1806), and hero figures such as Ajax (1749), St. Vincent (1815), and the Black Prince (1861). The custom of attaching figureheads to sailing ships continues to this day, but historically they tended to disappear with the advent of steamships, and are now few and far between.

[Torao Shigezai]

"Prowl" by Yutaka Tanabe, photographed by Tsuneo Nakamura (Heibonsha Color Paperback)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

船の飾りの一つで、西洋型船において船首の船体部先端に飾り付けた彫刻像。もともとこれには二つの意味があって、船に取り付けられるようになったと考えられている。その一つは宗教的な意味で、海の神に対して船の安全を願うため、海神を喜ばすような像を船に積んでおかなければならないと考えられていたことである。もう一つは、船が安全な航路を進むためには、船自体に目が必要であると考えられていたことである。この点から、世界各地で形こそいろいろと変化はあるものの、なんらかの絵または像を船首に描き、または取り付ける習慣ができていた。東洋では水押(みおし)に大きな目が描かれ、古代エジプトなどでは船首の上部に鳥の像などを取り付けていたのも同じ趣旨であったとみられる。そのほかライオンなどの動物の頭像を、古代ギリシアやローマ、あるいはフェニキアなどでも船首に取り付ける風習があった。また、船首にそのような模様を織り込んだタペストリーを垂れて飾ったりしたが、これらすべてが船首像の元といえる。16世紀の初めころからは、船首のバウスプリット(槍(やり)出し)の根元の下部に、ほぼ船名に関係ある像を取り付ける習慣がフランスあたりから固定されるようになり、この習慣は西洋に広く行き渡った。それはさらに入念になり、名のある彫刻家によって、美人像や英雄像などが彫刻されて船首像として取り付けられるようになった。たとえば、現在も保存されている1869年建造のクリッパー(快速帆船)、カティー・サークCutty Sark(2133排水トン)は、船名に関係ある「魔女」の船首像を取り付けているが、これはF・フェリエによって彫刻されたものと記録されている。少なくとも帆船の場合はほとんど全部が船首像をもつようになった。これらの像は木の彫刻品であって、はでな色彩が施されていた。船首像として知られている船名と建造年を示せば、神話的動物像がハーフムーン(1606)、シーホース(1774)など、美女像がテラノバ(1736)、クイーンシャロッテ(1780)、シャノン(1806)など、英雄像のアジャックス(1749)、セントビンセント(1815)、ブラックプリンス(1861)などが有名である。船首像は、帆船においては現在もこれを取り付ける習慣が続いているが、歴史的には蒸気船の出現とともに消滅の傾向を示し、いまでは数少なくなった。

[茂在寅男]

『田辺穣著、中村庸夫写真『船首像』(平凡社カラー新書)』

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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