Red giant - red giant

Japanese: 赤色巨星 - せきしょくきょせい(英語表記)red giant
Red giant - red giant

Among giant stars, these are stars with a low surface temperature of around 5000K (Kelvin) to 3000K, and appear red. They have different chemical compositions and are divided into different spectral types. K and M types, which have a lot of oxygen, show absorption by titanium monoxide molecules (TiO), while C types, which have a lot of carbon, show absorption by carbon molecules and cyanide molecules. There are also S types, which have a lot of heavy metals. Their absolute magnitude is several to tens of magnitudes brighter than dwarf stars (main sequence stars) of the same spectral type. Some have diameters that are 10 to several hundred times that of the Sun, and are located in the upper right corner of the H-R diagram.

The majority of main sequence stars evolve into red giants. Helium, the remains of hydrogen, accumulates near the center, and hydrogen begins to burn in the spherical shell that surrounds it, causing the outer layer to expand significantly and evolving toward the upper right on the H-R diagram. Material gradually flows out from the outermost layer, expanding widely and forming a planetary nebula. Note that stars with a mass eight times that of the Sun or more are thought to undergo a supernova explosion at the end of the red giant (even more evolved supergiant) stage. Many red giants are apparently bright, such as Arcturus in Boötes and Aldebaran in Taurus.

[Hideo Maehara]

[References] | Arcturus | Aldebaran | HR diagram | Giant star | Star | Main sequence star | Spectral type | Supernova | Dwarf star | Planetary nebula
Alpha Boötes (Arcturus)
A red giant star in the constellation Boötes. It is also called Arcturus, and in Japan it was called "Barley Star." Together with Eta Ursa Major and Spica in Virgo, it forms the "Great Spring Arc. " Photo provided by Nayoro City Astronomical Observatory .

Alpha Boötes (Arcturus)

Alpha Taurus (Aldebaran)
A red giant star in the constellation Taurus. It is also known as the "Subaru posterior" because it rises in the eastern sky a little after the Pleiades. Photo courtesy of Nayoro City Astronomical Observatory .

Alpha Taurus (Aldebaran)

Protoplanetary nebula in Monoceros
The final stage of a red giant star, which will eventually become a planetary nebula ©National Astronomical Observatory of Japan ">

Protoplanetary nebula in Monoceros


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

巨星のうちで、表面が5000K(ケルビン)から3000K程度の低温度で、赤色に見える星(恒星)。化学組成に差異があり、スペクトル型も分かれている。酸素が多いK型とM型では一酸化チタン分子TiOの吸収がみられ、炭素の多いC型では炭素分子やシアン分子の吸収が現れる。重金属の多いS型も存在する。絶対等級は、同じスペクトル型の矮星(わいせい)(主系列星)より数等級から十数等級も明るい。直径は太陽の10倍から数百倍に達するものもあり、HR図の右側上部に位置している。

 大多数の主系列星は、進化すると赤色巨星になる。水素の燃えかすであるヘリウムが中心付近にたまり、それを包む球殻上で水素が燃えるようになり、外層が大きく膨張し、HR図上を右側上方に向かって進化していく。そして、その最外層からは物質が徐々に外へ流れ出し大きく広がり、惑星状星雲を形成する。なお、太陽の8倍以上の質量の恒星は、赤色巨星(さらに進化した超巨星)段階の最後に超新星爆発を起こすと考えられる。赤色巨星には、うしかい座のアークトゥルス、おうし座のアルデバランなど、見かけ上も明るいものが多い。

[前原英夫]

[参照項目] | アークトゥルス | アルデバラン | HR図 | 巨星 | 恒星 | 主系列星 | スペクトル型 | 超新星 | 矮星 | 惑星状星雲
うしかい座α星(アークトゥルス)
うしかい座にある赤色巨星。アルクトゥルスともいい、日本では「麦星」ともよばれた。おおぐま座のη星、おとめ座のスピカと「春の大曲線」をつくる写真提供/なよろ市立天文台">

うしかい座α星(アークトゥルス)

おうし座α星(アルデバラン)
おうし座にある赤色巨星。プレヤデスより少しあとに東空に昇ってくるため、「すばるの後星」ともよばれる写真提供/なよろ市立天文台">

おうし座α星(アルデバラン)

いっかくじゅう座の原始惑星状星雲
赤色巨星の最終段階で、やがて惑星状星雲となる©国立天文台">

いっかくじゅう座の原始惑星状星雲


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