An element that detects infrared rays, i.e. electromagnetic waves with wavelengths of 0.78 μm or more, and converts them into electrical signals. They are broadly divided into thermal detectors and quantum detectors according to their operating principle. (1) Thermal detectors These detectors absorb infrared rays into a surface coated with gold or platinum black, and convert the resulting temperature rise into an electrical signal using such phenomena as thermoelectromotive force (examples: thermocouples, thermopiles), temperature change in electrical resistance (bolometers), pyroelectric effect (pyroelectric detectors), and volume increase due to gas expansion (Golay cells). These detectors are characterized by their sensitivity not being wavelength dependent, and are sensitive in the visible to ultraviolet ranges. Most are used at room temperature. (2) Quantum detectors These detectors utilize the photoelectric effect that occurs when infrared rays are absorbed as photons and electrons in a solid are excited to a high energy state. Photoemission (photomultiplier tubes, image converters), photovoltaic effect (→ photodiodes), photoconductive effect (also called photoconductive detectors or photoconductive detectors), photoelectric magnetic effect (PEM detectors), etc. are used. Except for those that apply photoemission, all are semiconductor detectors. Quantum detectors are sensitive to shorter wavelengths than the wavelength corresponding to the work function of the photoemission material or the energy gap of the semiconductor. To detect long-wavelength infrared rays, semiconductors with narrow energy gaps or impurity levels in semiconductors are used, so they must be cooled to low temperatures. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
赤外線,すなわち 0.78μm 以上の波長の電磁波を検出して電気信号に変換する素子。動作原理によって熱検出器と量子検出器とに大別される。 (1) 熱検出器 赤外線を金黒あるいは白金黒などを塗布した面に吸収させ,その温度上昇を熱起電力 (利用例:熱電対,サーモパイル ) ,電気抵抗の温度変化 (ボロメータ) ,焦電効果 (焦電型検出器) ,気体の膨張による体積増加 (ゴーレイセル) などの現象を利用して電気信号に変換している。これらは感度に波長依存性がないのが特色で,可視~紫外域にも感度を有する。多くが室温で使用される。 (2) 量子検出器 赤外線が光子として吸収され,固体内で電子が高いエネルギー状態に励起されることによって起る光電効果を利用している。光電子放出 (光電子増倍管,イメージコンバータ) ,光起電力効果 (→フォトダイオード ) ,光伝導効果 (光伝導型検出器あるいは光導電型検出器ともいう) ,光電気磁気効果 (PEM型検出器 photo electro magnetic detector) などが利用されている。光電子放出を応用したものを除いて他は半導体検出器である。量子検出器は,光電子放出材料の仕事関数や半導体のエネルギー間隙に相当する波長から短波長側に感度を示す。長波長の赤外線検出にはエネルギー間隙 (エネルギーギャップ ) の狭い半導体あるいは半導体中の不純物準位を利用するので,低温に冷却して用いることが必要である。
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