Vinegar -

Japanese: 酢 - す
Vinegar -

A general term for sour seasonings. They are broadly divided into those made by brewing, those that use the acidity of fruit, and those that are synthetic. The English word for vinegar comes from the French word vinaigre, which combines wine (vin) and sourness (aigre). It is believed that vinegar was originally made by fermenting wine with acetic acid. The word anbai (salted plum) means that salt and plum (vinegar) form the basis of the seasoning, but plum vinegar was used as the sour agent in the past.

[Tomomi Kono and Yonago Yamaguchi]

history

The oldest known written reference to vinegar is the Arabic word Essiggenus, which was used by Moses, the leader of Israel. This dates to around the 13th century BC, so it can be assumed that vinegar was already in existence at that time. Vinegar was already in existence in China during the time of Confucius, and in Japan during the Nara period, vinegar was also called karasake, and was an important seasoning along with hishio, salt, and irori (a decoction made from bonito and other ingredients in a fireplace). The Suruga tax register (Shosoin documents) from the 10th year of the Tenpyo era (738) records "one koku kyuto (one koku 9 to) of vinegar," and Volume 16 of the "Manyoshu" contains the poem "I wish for a sea bream, so show me a soup of water and leeks with soy sauce and garlic." This shows that vinegar was used to make pickles. During the Heian period, rice vinegar was made, and the "Engishiki" (927) states, "One koku of vinegar can be made from six to nine sho of rice, four years' worth of 1 sho of bean sprouts, and one koku two to of water." During the Kamakura period, vinegar from Izumi (southern Osaka Prefecture) was considered to be of high quality, and in the early Edo period, the vinegar made by the Naruse family of Nakahara in Sagami (Kanagawa Prefecture) was considered the best. Other well-known vinegars include those made by Yoshiwara Zentoku-ji and Tanaka in Suruga (Shizuoka Prefecture).

Many vinegars in each country are made from ingredients related to the sake made in that region, and in Japan there is rice vinegar and sake lees vinegar, while in France apple vinegar is closely related to apple wine, grape vinegar is closely related to wine, and in Germany malt vinegar is closely related to beer.

[Tomomi Kono and Yonago Yamaguchi]

Types and manufacturing methods

Brewed vinegar is made by fermenting ingredients containing sugar or alcohol using acetic acid bacteria, and can be broadly divided into grain vinegar and fruit vinegar. The main types of grain vinegar include rice vinegar, which is made by turning rice into koji (malt) and then making vinegar from that, and malt vinegar, which is made by fermenting malt juice made by saccharifying malt. Fruit vinegars include apple cider vinegar, which is made by fermenting apple juice, and wine vinegar, which is made by fermenting grape juice. Another type of vinegar that uses alcohol as an ingredient is white vinegar, which is made by extracting aged sake lees with water and adding pure alcohol to ferment the vinegar into acetic acid. There is also distilled vinegar, which is made by distilling brewed vinegar, which is used for pickles, etc.

Vinegars that utilize the sourness of fruit juice include lemon juice, plum vinegar, yuzu, sudachi juice, and ponzu made from daidai juice. There are also processed vinegars, which are made by further processing vinegar. Examples of processed vinegar include sushi vinegar, dressings, spice vinegars made by adding various spices, and powdered vinegar.

Synthetic vinegar is made by diluting chemically produced acetic acid with water and adding amino acids and sugars, or by adding acetic acid to brewed vinegar.

There are many types of vinegar, because it is relatively easy to make by growing acetic acid bacteria in something that contains alcohol. The acetic acid bacteria that carry out acetic acid fermentation are aerobic film-forming bacteria that form a beautiful film on the surface of the fermentation tank. Recently, the total fermentation method (submerged fermentation method) has become popular, in which acetic acid fermentation is carried out continuously while aeration is performed.

[Tomomi Kono and Yonago Yamaguchi]

component

The components of vinegar vary considerably depending on the type of vinegar. The main component of the sour taste of brewed vinegar is generally acetic acid, and in fruit vinegar, citric acid, malic acid, oxalic acid, tartaric acid, etc. are also added. Fruit juice itself does not contain acetic acid. In addition to the sour components, it contains various amino acids, sugars, phosphates, etc., which help form the umami and sweetness of the vinegar taste.

[Tomomi Kono and Yonago Yamaguchi]

Vinegar Standards

Vinegar is regulated by the Japanese Agricultural Standards (JAS), and products must be labeled. It is classified into brewed vinegar and synthetic vinegar, and brewed vinegar is limited to those made entirely by brewing. Even if the main ingredient is brewed vinegar, any vinegar that contains added chemical acetic acid is synthetic, and the percentage of brewed vinegar can be labeled in 10% increments. Only brewed vinegar made using traditional methods can be labeled as naturally brewed. In other words, it is made using the static method (surface fermentation method), in which the raw materials are placed in a fermentation tank and a bacterial film is allowed to form naturally on the surface, without adding alcohol or processed raw materials. Brewed vinegar is divided into grain vinegar and fruit vinegar, and only grain vinegar that uses 40 grams or more of grain per liter and fruit vinegar that uses 400 grams or more of grain per liter can be labeled as grain vinegar or fruit vinegar. In addition, both grain vinegar and fruit vinegar can be labeled as grain vinegar or fruit vinegar only if they are made from a single raw material, such as rice vinegar, sake lees vinegar, malt vinegar, apple vinegar, and grape vinegar. Additionally, all vinegars must be labeled in order of predominance of ingredients.

[Tomomi Kono and Yonago Yamaguchi]

use

Vinegar has a strong bactericidal effect, and most pathogens are killed within about 30 minutes in its undiluted form. Therefore, food soaked in vinegar can be preserved. There are many examples of hygienic uses, such as processing raw sushi and pickled foods, and washing fish in vinegar. The sour taste has positive effects on health, such as increasing appetite and secretion of digestive juices. It is particularly effective in relieving stress, and when you are mentally exhausted, eating foods or dishes made with vinegar often calms you down. When gastric acid secretion is reduced, it is difficult to activate pepsin in the stomach, but vinegar can help activate pepsin. Vinegar's bactericidal properties also help sterilize food that enters the stomach, prevent unwanted bacteria from entering the intestines, and avoid the negative effects on the proliferation of beneficial intestinal bacteria.

Because acid has the property of coagulating proteins, vinegar is often added to water together with salt when making poached eggs, or fish is pickled in vinegar. Vinegar also has the effect of softening the strong taste of salt, so it is often used by experts as a secret ingredient, or as an accompaniment to salt-grilled fish. In addition, vinegar's ability to stop the enzymes that cause vegetables to brown means that burdock and lotus root are soaked in vinegar water and then boiled when cooked. Also, because it acts on anthocyanin pigments, which are the natural colors of plants, it produces a beautiful red color, so it has a wide range of applications in cooking, such as soaking ginger in vinegar to color it red.

[Tomomi Kono and Yonago Yamaguchi]

"Encyclopedia of Vinegar" by Tomomi Kono (1966, Shinju Shoin)""The 100 Benefits of Vinegar - Living a Healthy Life with Vinegar" by Ritsuko Iizuka (1987, Lyonsha)"The Science of Vinegar" edited by Minoru Ameyama and Shigeru Otsuka (1990, Asakura Shoten)"Vinegar" edited and published by Aspect (1999)"

[Reference items] | Ume vinegar | Fruit vinegar | Synthetic vinegar | Acetic acid | Acetic acid fermentation | Pickled foods| Vinegar | Seasoning | Vinegar | Ponse | Mosé
Vinegar manufacturing process
©Takashi Aoki

Vinegar manufacturing process


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

酸味のある調味料の総称。醸造によってつくったものと、果実などの酸味を利用したもの、および合成したものに大別される。酢を英語でビネガーvinegarというが、これはフランス語のぶどう酒vinと酸味aigreをあわせたビネーグルvinaigreからきている。もともとはぶどう酒を酢酸発酵させて酢をつくったとみられる。また、あんばい(塩梅)という語は、塩と梅(酢)の二つが味つけの基礎をなすという意味であるが、古くは梅酢が酸味料として使われていた。

[河野友美・山口米子]

歴史

文献上いちばん古いとされている酢のことばはアラビア語のエッシッヒゲヌスEssiggenusで、イスラエルの指導者モーセによるものである。これは紀元前13世紀ごろのことであるからその当時すでに酢のあったことが推定できる。中国では孔子(こうし)の時代にすでに酢があり、日本では、奈良時代に酢は苦酒(からさけ)ともよばれ、醤(ひしお)、塩、色利(いろり)(煎汁(いろり)で、鰹(かつお)などの煮汁)などとともに重要な調味料であった。天平(てんぴょう)10年(738)駿河(するが)正税帳(正倉院文書)に「酢壱斛玖斗(いっこくきゅうと)(一石九斗)」とみえ、『万葉集』巻16には、「醤酢(ひしほす)に蒜(ひる)つき合(か)てて鯛(たい)願ふ我にな見せそ水葱(なぎ)の羹(あつもの)」という歌があるように、酢を使ってなますをつくっていたことがわかる。平安時代には米酢がつくられ、『延喜式(えんぎしき)』(927)によれば、「米六斗九升、糵(げつ)(よねのもやし)四年一升、水一石二斗から一石の酢を作る」とある。鎌倉時代には和泉(いずみ)(大阪府南部)の酢が上物とされ、江戸初期には相模(さがみ)(神奈川県)中原の成瀬氏のつくる酢が第一とされ、そのほか駿河(静岡県)の吉原善徳寺や田中の酢などが知られた。

 各国の酢はその地でできる酒と関係のある原料からつくられるものが多く、日本では米酢のほか、酒粕(かす)からつくる粕酢がある。フランスではりんご酢がりんご酒、ぶどう酢がぶどう酒、ドイツでは麦芽酢がビールと関係が深い。

[河野友美・山口米子]

種類と製法

醸造酢は、糖分あるいはアルコールを含む原料に酢酸菌を用いて発酵させてつくったもので、大きく分けて穀物酢と果実酢がある。穀物酢のおもな種類としては、米を麹(こうじ)にしてそれから酢をつくった米酢、麦芽を糖化して麦芽汁をつくりこれを発酵させた麦芽酢(モルトビネガー)、果実酢には、りんご汁を発酵させたりんご酢(サイダービネガー)、ぶどう汁を発酵させたぶどう酢(ワインビネガー)などがある。またアルコールを原料としたものとして、ねかせた酒粕を水抽出し、純粋アルコールを加えて酢酸発酵させた酢(ホワイトビネガー)もある。このほか、ピクルスなどに使われる醸造酢を蒸留した蒸留酢がある。

 果汁の酸味を利用するものとしては、レモン果汁、梅酢、ユズ、スダチなどの果汁およびダイダイ果汁のポンス(ぽん酢)がある。このほか食酢をさらに加工した加工酢がある。その例として、すし酢、ドレッシング、それに各種の香辛料を加えたスパイスビネガー、粉末酢などがある。

 合成酢は、化学的につくられた酢酸を水で薄めてアミノ酸や糖類を加えたもの、あるいは醸造酢に酢酸を加えたものである。

 酢は非常に種類が多いが、それは、アルコール分を含むものに酢酸菌を繁殖させると比較的簡単にできるからである。酢酸発酵を行う酢酸菌は好気性の産膜菌で、発酵槽の表面にきれいな菌膜をつくる。最近は通気しながら連続的に酢酸発酵を行わせる全面発酵法(深部発酵法)が行われている。

[河野友美・山口米子]

成分

酢の成分は、酢の種類によりかなり大きな差がある。醸造酢の酸味の主成分は一般に酢酸で、果実酢ではさらにクエン酸、リンゴ酸、シュウ酸、酒石酸なども加わる。果汁そのものでは酢酸は含まれない。酸味成分のほか、各種のアミノ酸、糖類、リン酸塩類などが含まれ、酢の味のうま味や甘味などの形成に役だっている。

[河野友美・山口米子]

酢の規格

酢はJAS(ジャス)(日本農林規格)が定められており、製品には表示が必要である。分類は醸造酢と合成酢に分けられ、醸造酢は完全に醸造のみによってつくられたものに限定される。主体が醸造酢であっても、化学酢酸を加えたものはすべて合成酢で、その際醸造酢の含有割合を10%刻みで表示することができる。醸造酢のなかで、古くからの製法でつくられたもののみ天然醸造の表示ができる。すなわち、発酵槽に原料を入れ、表面に、自然に菌膜を張らせてつくる静置法(表面発酵法)を用い、しかも原料にアルコールや原料を加工処理したものを加えないでつくるものである。醸造酢は穀物酢と果実酢に分けられ、穀物酢では酢1リットル中に原料として穀物40グラム以上が、果実酢では400グラム以上が使用されているものにのみ、穀物酢、果実酢の表示ができる。また穀物酢、果実酢とも原料が単独のものに限り、米酢、粕酢、麦芽酢、りんご酢、ぶどう酢など、原料名をつけることができる。またすべての酢は原材料の多い順に表示しなければならない。

[河野友美・山口米子]

利用

食酢は殺菌力が強く、原液ではほとんどの病原菌は約30分以内に死滅する。そのため、酢に浸した食品は保存がきく。生(き)ずし、酢漬けなどの加工例や、魚を酢洗いするなど衛生的な利用例は多い。酸味は食欲を増進し、消化液の分泌を高めるなど、健康上プラスになる作用をもたらす。とくにストレス緩和に大きな力があり、精神的に疲労が大きいとき、酢を使った食品や料理をとることで、落ち着くことが多い。胃酸の分泌が減少しているようなとき、胃中のペプシンの活性化が得られにくいが、酢により、ペプシンの活性化が補助できる。また酢の殺菌力により、胃内に入った食物の殺菌を助け、腸内へ雑菌が行くことを防ぎ、腸内有用細菌の増殖に対しての悪影響を避けることができる。

 酸がタンパク質を凝固させる性質があるため、落とし卵をつくるときに酢を塩とともに湯の中に加えたり、魚を酢じめにする例などがあげられる。また酢は食塩の強い味を和らげる作用があるので、塩焼きの魚に添え酢をつけたり、隠し味として専門家にはよく使われる。そのほか野菜類の褐変(かっぺん)をおこす酵素を止める働きを利用して、ゴボウ、蓮根(れんこん)などを調理する際、酢水につけるとともに酢煮が行われる。また植物の天然の色であるアントシアン系の色素に作用するときれいな赤色を発色するため、ショウガなどを酢に浸して紅色に発色させるなど、料理のうえでの応用範囲は広い。

[河野友美・山口米子]

『河野友美著『お酢の百科』(1966・真珠書院)』『飯塚律子著『お酢百効――酢のある暮らしでヘルシーライフ』(1987・リヨン社)』『飴山実・大塚滋編『酢の科学』(1990・朝倉書店)』『アスペクト編・刊『酢』(1999)』

[参照項目] | 梅酢 | 果実酢 | 合成酢 | 酢酸 | 酢酸発酵 | 酢漬け | 酢の物 | 調味料 | ビネガー | ポンス | モーセ
酢の製造工程
©青木 隆">

酢の製造工程


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