Sino-French War

Japanese: 清仏戦争 - しんふつせんそう
Sino-French War

A war fought between China and France from June 1884 to June 1885 over the suzerainty of Vietnam. France had occupied and colonized southern Vietnam since 1862, but in 1882, in order to secure its interests in the north, it sent H. Rivière and occupied Hanoi. In 1883, the Black Banner army led by Liu Yung-fu defeated Rivière and drove out the French army. The French Ferry cabinet adopted a hard-line policy, sending troops to Hue to enforce the Treaty of Armand, which established a French protectorate, repudiated the Black Banner army, and promised to drive it out. In response, the Qing Dynasty, the suzerain of Vietnam, appointed Liu Yung-fu, leader of the Black Banner army, as Minister of Economy for Tonkin (northern Vietnam) and sent large troops to the north. The French army drove them out and occupied the whole northern region, so Li Hongzhang (Li Hongzhang) signed the Tianjin Treaty in May 1884, promising to withdraw troops from the north. However, in June, the Qing army inflicted a major defeat on the French army at Bakre, near the Sino-Vietnamese border. Using this as an excuse, France used Admiral Courbet to destroy the Qing's Southern Fleet in Fuzhou in August, and then blockaded Taiwan. Meanwhile, the Qing army recaptured the territories occupied by the French army on the Sino-Vietnamese border, and fought well. In March 1885, with the formation of the Clemenceau cabinet, peace talks progressed, and in June, the Qing-French Treaty of Tianjin was signed between Li Hongzhang and Patenotre. As a result, the Qing renounced its suzerainty over Vietnam, recognized the French protectorate, and liberated Yunnan. However, Vietnamese nationalist officials continued to resist until 1888, supporting Emperor Xiangyi (Hamgui). The Sino-French War marked the beginning of French imperialist policies, exposed the Qing Dynasty's powerlessness, and invigorated anti-imperialist struggles at the popular level.

[Yoshio Sakurai]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

ベトナムの宗主権をめぐって、中国とフランスの間に1884年6月~85年6月にかけて行われた戦争。フランスは1862年以降、南部ベトナムを占領、植民地化したが、82年、北部利権の確保を目的として、H・リビエールを派遣、ハノイを占領した。1883年、劉永福(りゅうえいふく)に率いられた黒旗軍はリビエールを倒し、フランス軍を駆逐した。フランスのフェリー内閣は強硬政策に転じ、フエ(ユエ)に派兵してアルマン条約を強制し、フランス保護権の設定、黒旗軍の否認、駆逐を約束させた。ベトナムの宗主国清はこれに対し、黒旗軍の指導者、劉永福を越南東京(トンキン)(ベトナム北部)経略大臣とする一方、大兵を北部に派遣した。フランス軍はこれを駆逐して北部一帯を占拠したため、李鴻章(りこうしょう)は1884年5月、天津(てんしん)協定を結んで北部からの撤兵を約束した。しかし6月、中越国境に近いバクレで清軍はフランス軍を大敗させた。フランスはこれを口実に、8月、クールベ提督をして福州の清国南洋艦隊を壊滅させ、さらに台湾を封鎖した。その一方で、清軍は中越国境でフランス軍占拠地を奪回し、善戦を繰り返した。1885年3月、クレマンソー内閣の成立とともに和議が進み、6月、李鴻章とパトノートル間に清仏天津条約が締結された。これにより、清はベトナムに対する宗主権を放棄し、フランスの保護権を認め、また雲南を開放した。しかし、ベトナムの民族派官人はこれに対し、咸宜(かんぎ)帝(ハムギ帝)を擁して1888年まで抵抗を続けた。清仏戦争はフランス帝国主義政策の端緒をなしたとともに、清の無力を暴露、民衆レベルの反帝国主義闘争を活発化させる因をつくった。

[桜井由躬雄]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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