Colony City - Food City

Japanese: 植民市 - しょくみんし
Colony City - Food City

A community established by colonists in ancient Greece and Rome. The Greeks established colonies in the western part of Asia Minor in the 14th and 13th centuries BC, and established trade bases in Cyprus, Syria, and southern Italy. In the 12th and 10th centuries BC, they established large-scale colonies on the Aegean islands, the western coast of Asia Minor, and Cyprus, but around 750 to 550 BC, they expanded their colonial activities even further. The polis that established the colony (apoikia) was called the mother city (metropolis), and it often consulted the oracle of Delphi to select the location of the colony and its leaders. The main purpose of colonization was to acquire new farmland for citizens who had lost land in the mother city, but sometimes the purpose was to establish a trading base. Many colonies were established in areas without strong local political forces or in areas with a climate similar to that of Greece. Mother cities such as Chalcis, Eretria, Miletus, Corinth, Megara, Thera, and Phocaea established colonies in southern Italy, Sicily, the northern Aegean Sea, the Dardanelles, the Sea of ​​Marmara, the Black Sea, northwestern Greece, the eastern north coast of Africa, and the southern coast of France and Spain. Some of these, such as Byzantium (Istanbul), Neapolis (Naples), and Massalia (Marseille), are still thriving as large cities today. Although the colonies were connected to their mother cities in many ways, such as dialects, rituals, and systems, they were politically independent polis, which was the biggest difference between them and Roman colonies (called colonias). However, the colonies called klerouchia, which Athens established on the land of the renegade polis of the Delian League from the end of the 6th century BC to the 4th century BC, were not independent polis, and the colonists, who served as farmers and soldiers, retained Athenian citizenship. Also, Alexander the Great of Macedonia and the Hellenistic kingdoms, especially the Syrian kings, founded many colonies, mainly for military purposes, which became centers of Greek culture in the East, the greatest of which was Alexandria in Egypt.

Roman colonies were established from the 4th century BC onwards for the purposes of stationing garrisons and providing farmland to colonists. They took two forms: Roman citizen colonies, in which the colonists retained Roman citizenship, and Latin colonies, in which the colonists became citizens of the new colony. The latter also maintained close ties with Rome.

[Shoji Kiyonaga]

[Reference] | Colonia

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

古代ギリシア、ローマで、植民者が建設した共同体。ギリシア人は、紀元前14~前13世紀に小アジア西部に植民市を建て、キプロス島、シリア、南イタリアに貿易拠点を設け、前12~前10世紀にはエーゲ海の島々、小アジア西岸、キプロス島などに大規模な植民を行ったが、前750~前550年ごろ、さらにそれらを上回る植民活動を展開した。植民市(アポイキアapoikia)を建設するポリスは母市(メトロポリス)とよばれ、しばしばとくにデルフォイの神託を伺って、植民市の位置と植民の指導者を選定した。植民の主要な目的は、母市において土地を失った市民の新たな農地獲得にあったが、貿易基地の建設を目的とする場合もあった。植民市が多く建設されたのは、現地に有力な政治勢力がない地域か、ギリシアと気候風土の似た地域であった。カルキス、エレトリア、ミレトス、コリント、メガラ、テラ、フォカイアなどの母市が、南イタリア、シチリア島、エーゲ海北部、ダーダネルス海峡、マルマラ海、黒海、北西ギリシア、アフリカ北岸東部、フランスとスペイン南岸などに集中して植民市を建設した。それらのなかには、ビザンティオン(イスタンブール)、ネアポリス(ナポリ)、マッサリア(マルセイユ)など、現在も大都市として繁栄しているものがある。植民市は、方言、祭儀、制度などさまざまな面で母市と結び付いていたが、政治的には独立のポリスとなり、この点がローマの植民市(コロニアcoloniaとよばれる)との最大の違いであった。しかし、アテネが前6世紀末から前4世紀までデロス同盟の離反ポリスの土地などに建設したクレルキアklerouchiaとよばれる植民市は、独立のポリスではなく、農民兼守備兵としての植民者はアテネの市民権を保持した。また、マケドニアのアレクサンドロス大王とヘレニズム諸王国、とくにシリア王国の王たちは、主として軍事目的から多くの植民市を建設したが、それらは東方におけるギリシア文化の中心となった。エジプトのアレクサンドリアが最大の代表である。

 なお、ローマの植民市は、前4世紀以降、守備隊配置、植民者への農地賦与などの目的で設けられ、植民者がローマ市民権をもち続けるローマ市民植民市と、植民者が新しい植民市の市民となるラテン人植民市との2形態があったが、後者もローマとは密接な関係を保持した。

[清永昭次]

[参照項目] | コロニア

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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