Plant hormones

Japanese: 植物ホルモン - しょくぶつほるもん(英語表記)plant hormone
Plant hormones

Plant hormones are roughly defined as "organic compounds that are naturally produced by plants themselves, usually transported from the site of production to other sites (target areas) within the plant, and that regulate various processes of growth and differentiation and various physiological functions in trace amounts (low concentrations) of the plant."

The first person to use the word "hormone" in plants was the German H. Fitting, who believed that there was a pollen hormone in orchid pollen (1910). Later, the German G. Haberlandt claimed that a wound-healing hormone was secreted from wound tissue (1918). However, the first person to use the term "plant hormone" was the Hungarian Paál Árpád (1889-1943), who used the term to describe the phototropic stimulus transmitter (1916). This substance was later named auxin.

There are seven types of plant hormones: auxin, gibberellin, cytokinin, ethylene, abscisic acid, brassinolide, and jasmonic acid, but peptide substances such as systemin and phytosulfokine are also sometimes included in the category of hormones. Many synthetic compounds have the same effects as plant hormones, and when such substances are included in the category of plant hormones, they are called plant (growth) regulators or plant (growth) regulating substances.

Plant hormones differ from animal hormones in that they do not have specific glands that produce them, and are generally produced in young tissues. The types of hormones are common across species, and each hormone has a variety of effects. Hormones also often interact with each other.

[Masayuki Katsumi]

"Plant Hormones" by Thomas Anthony Hill, translated by Katsumi Masayuki (1981, Asakura Publishing) " ▽ "Plant Physiology" by Masuda Yoshio (1986, Iwanami Shoten)""Plant Motility" by C. Darwin, translated by Watanabe Hitoshi (1987, Morikita Publishing)""Making the Most of Plant Hormones: How to Use Growth Regulators" by Ota Yasuo (1987, Rural Culture Association)""Ethylene" by Shimokawa Takayuki (1988, University of Tokyo Press)"Wilhelm Peffer, Pioneer of Molecular Physiology: His Research and Insights That Live on in the Modern Age" by E. Bünning, translated by Tazawa Hitoshi et al. (1988, Academic Press Center)""Plant Physiology" by Masuda Yoshio (1988, Baifukan)"Plant Hormones" by Kuraishi Susumu (1988, University of Tokyo Press)""Hormonal Handbook," edited by the Japanese Society for Comparative Endocrinology (1988, Nanzando)""Introduction to Plant Physiology," written by Sakurai Hidehiro, Shibaoka Hiroo, and Shimizu Seki (1989, Baifukan)""Modern Plant Physiology 3: Growth and Differentiation," edited by Shibaoka Hiroo (1990, Asakura Shoten)""Plant Hormones," written by Katsumi Masayuki (1991, Shokabo)" ▽ "Research Methods in Plant Hormones," written by Masuda Yoshio (1991, Academic Press Center)""Introduction to Plant Life Science," written by Kamisaka Moriichiro et al. (1991, Baifukan)""Illustrated Introduction to Plant Hormones," edited by Masuda Yoshio (1992, Ohmsha)""Hartmut Gimmler, Julius Sachs: The Founder of Plant Physiology and Nutrition - His Struggle and Glory That Lives on Today, translated by Tazawa Hitoshi et al. (1992, Academic Press Center)""Masuda Yoshio, The History of Botany - With a Focus on the Establishment of Plant Physiology in the 19th Century, (1992, Baifukan)""Plant Physiology, Shimizu Seki (1993, Shokabo)""Takahashi Nobutaka and Masuda Yoshio eds., Handbook of Plant Hormones, Volumes 1 and 2, (1994, Baifukan)""Nagata Toshiyuki et al. eds., Gene Expression in Plants, (1995, Kodansha)""Itakura Masanobu eds., Stories of Invention and Discovery in the Natural World, (1998, Kaseisyasha)""Imaseki Hidemasa and Shibaoka Hiroo eds., Plant Hormones and Cell Shape, (1998, Academic Press Center)""Plant Physiology" by Hans Mohr and Peter Schopfer, translated and supervised by Amino Shinichi and Komanmine Mutsumi (1998, Springer-Verlag Tokyo)""Biography of Miyoshi Manabu - Pioneer of Modern Botany in Japan" by Sakai Toshio (1998, Yasaka Shobo)""Plant Physiological Engineering" edited by Miyaji Shigeto and Omori Masayuki (1998, Maruzen)""Experimental Production Environmental Biology" edited by Department of Production and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo (1999, Asakura Shoten)""Introduction to Plant Molecular Physiology" edited by Yokota Akiho, written by all faculty members of the Department of Plant Science, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (1999, Society Publication Center)""Plant Hormones and Me - In the Context of International Development of Postwar Research" by Masuda Yoshio (2000, Society Publication Center)""Plant Biochemistry" by Hans-Walter Heldt, translated by Kanai Ryuji (2000, Springer-Verlag Tokyo)""New Plant Life Science" edited by Omori Masayuki and Watanabe Yuichiro (2001, Kodansha)""Asakura Plant Physiology Lectures 4: Growth and Differentiation" edited by Komamine Mutsumi and Fukuda Hiroho (2001, Asakura Publishing)""Lectures on Plant Physiology - From Classics to the Present" by Masuda Yoshio (2002, Baifukan)""The New Science of Plant Hormones" edited by Koshiba Kyoichi and Kamiya Yuji (2002, Kodansha)""Plants Change Shape - Exploring the Microscopic Strength of Survival" by Shibaoka Hiroo (2003, Kyoritsu Shuppan)

[References] | Abscisic acid | Ethylene | Auxin | Tropism | Cytokinin | Gibberellin | Jasmonic acid | Plant growth regulator | Haberlant | Brassinolide | Peptide bond | Organic compound

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

植物ホルモンはおおよそ次のように定義される。「植物自らが天然に生産する有機化合物で、通常、それが生成される場所から植物体内の他の場所(標的部域)に運搬され、微量(低濃度)で植物の成長・分化の諸過程や諸生理機能を調節するもの」。

 植物でホルモンということばを最初に用いたのはドイツのフィッティングH. Fittingで、彼はランの花粉の中に花粉ホルモンがあると考えた(1910)。その後、ドイツのハーバーラントG. Haberlandtが傷組織から癒傷(ゆしょう)ホルモンが分泌されると主張した(1918)。しかし、「植物ホルモン」ということばを使ったのはハンガリーのパールPaál Árpád(1889―1943)が最初であり、彼は、屈光性の刺激伝達物質に対して植物ホルモンということばを使っている(1916)。この物質は、のちにオーキシンと名づけられたものである。

 植物ホルモンは、オーキシン、ジベレリン、サイトカイニン、エチレン、アブシシン酸、ブラシノライド、ジャスモン酸の7種類があげられるが、ほかにもシステミン、フィトスルフォカインなどのペプチド性物質もホルモンに入れる場合もある。合成された化合物のなかには、植物ホルモンと同じような作用を有するものも多く、このような物質を植物ホルモンに含めた場合は、植物(成長)調節物質、あるいは植物(成長)調節剤plant (growth) regulator, plant (growth) regulating substanceとよんでいる。

 植物ホルモンは動物ホルモンと異なって、それぞれのホルモンを生産する特定の場所(腺(せん))がなく、一般に若い組織でつくられる。ホルモンの種類は種を超えて共通であり、一つのホルモンが多様な効果(作用)をもつ。また、ホルモン間で相互作用をもつことが多い。

[勝見允行]

『トマス・アンソニー・ヒル著、勝見允行訳『植物ホルモン』(1981・朝倉書店)』『増田芳雄著『植物の生理』(1986・岩波書店)』『C・ダーウィン著、渡辺仁訳『植物の運動力』(1987・森北出版)』『太田保夫著『植物ホルモンを生かす――生長調節剤の使い方』(1987・農山漁村文化協会)』『下川敬之著『エチレン』(1988・東京大学出版会)』『E・ビュンニング著、田沢仁ほか訳『分子生理学の先駆者ヴィルヘルム・ペッファー――現代に生きるその研究と洞察』(1988・学会出版センター)』『増田芳雄著『植物生理学』(1988・培風館)』『倉石晋著『植物ホルモン』(1988・東京大学出版会)』『日本比較内分泌学会編『ホルモンハンドブック』(1988・南江堂)』『桜井英博・柴岡弘郎・清水碩著『植物生理学入門』(1989・培風館)』『柴岡弘郎編『現代植物生理学3 生長と分化』(1990・朝倉書店)』『勝見允行著『植物のホルモン』(1991・裳華房)』『増田芳雄著『植物ホルモン研究法』(1991・学会出版センター)』『神阪盛一郎ほか著『植物の生命科学入門』(1991・培風館)』『増田芳雄編著『絵とき 植物ホルモン入門』(1992・オーム社)』『ハルトムート・ギムラー著、田沢仁ほか訳『植物生理学・栄養学の創始者ユリウス・ザックス――今日に生きる苦闘と栄光』(1992・学会出版センター)』『増田芳雄著『植物学史――19世紀における植物生理学確立期を中心に』(1992・培風館)』『清水碩著『植物生理学』(1993・裳華房)』『高橋信孝・増田芳雄編『植物ホルモンハンドブック』上下(1994・培風館)』『長田敏行ほか編『植物の遺伝子発現』(1995・講談社)』『板倉聖宣編『自然界の発明発見物語』(1998・仮説社)』『今関英雅・柴岡弘郎編『植物ホルモンと細胞の形』(1998・学会出版センター)』『ハンス・モーア、ペーター・ショップァー著、網野真一・駒嶺穆監訳『植物生理学』(1998・シュプリンガー・フェアラーク東京)』『酒井敏雄著『評伝 三好学――日本近代植物学の開拓者』(1998・八坂書房)』『宮地重遠・大森正之編『植物生理工学』(1998・丸善)』『東京大学大学院農学生命科学研究科生産・環境生物学専攻編『実験生産環境生物学』(1999・朝倉書店)』『横田明穂編、奈良先端科学技術大学院大学バイオサイエンス研究科植物系全教員著『植物分子生理学入門』(1999・学会出版センター)』『増田芳雄著『植物ホルモンと私――戦後研究の国際的発展の中で』(2000・学会出版センター)』『ハンス・ワルター・ヘルト著、金井龍二訳『植物生化学』(2000・シュプリンガー・フェアラーク東京)』『大森正之・渡辺雄一郎編著『新しい植物生命科学』(2001・講談社)』『駒嶺穆総編集、福田裕穂編『朝倉植物生理学講座4 成長と分化』(2001・朝倉書店)』『増田芳雄著『植物生理学講義――古典から現代』(2002・培風館)』『小柴共一・神谷勇治編『新しい植物ホルモンの科学』(2002・講談社)』『柴岡弘郎著『植物は形を変える――生存の戦力のミクロを探る』(2003・共立出版)』

[参照項目] | アブシシン酸 | エチレン | オーキシン | 屈性 | サイトカイニン | ジベレリン | ジャスモン酸 | 植物成長調節剤 | ハーバーラント | ブラシノライド | ペプチド結合 | 有機化合物

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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