It refers to the acquisition or improvement of knowledge and skills necessary for a job in order to maintain and improve the occupational status of workers in response to the rapid development of mechanical systems in modern society. In Japan, vocational and technical education is sometimes used in a broad sense to include the field of school education, and sometimes in a narrow sense to exclude vocational education in school education. Historically, vocational training has developed in various forms in each country, but the following five points are commonly confirmed. First, vocational training has moved away from a narrow, artisan-based method of transmission and is now conducted in public training facilities. Second, training that began for young people has expanded to include all age groups. Third, the content of training has been improved and the training hours have been extended accordingly. Fourth, a system has been adopted in which the results of training are recognized as official qualifications and reflected in wages and other working conditions. Finally, the responsibilities of employers and the state in bearing the costs of training, as well as the rights of workers and the involvement of labor unions, have been clarified. Historically, in Japan, in-company apprenticeship was the basic form of vocational training from the 1880s to the 1890s, followed by factory apprenticeship, and then the trainee system, which included lectures at in-company schools, became widespread from the 1910s onwards. In the 1920s, the trainee system was established in large companies as the "industrial rationalization" movement unfolded. The Factory Workplace Skills Training Order, enacted in 1939 (Showa 14), attempted to address the wartime shortage of skilled workers by expanding the trainee system, which had been implemented mainly in large companies. Training was also provided for the increasing number of conscripted workers under the National Conscription Order of the same year, but the content was military-style spiritualism that placed emphasis on collective discipline rather than on specific work content. In the previous year, in 1938, a complete revision of the Employment Agency Law led to the establishment of mechanical worker training centers nationwide, but they were limited to mental and physical training to encourage a desire to work. After the Second World War, the two systems of in-company skill training under the Labor Standards Act and vocational guidance under the Employment Security Act were launched, and in 1958 (Showa 33) it was made into a standalone law called the Vocational Training Act. The introduction of American labor management techniques began in the latter half of the 1950s, and in-company training was institutionalized as part of this, mainly in large companies. The Vocational Training Act was subsequently revised in 1969 and 1978, and was renamed the Vocational Ability Development Promotion Act in 1985. The purpose of the Vocational Ability Development Promotion Act is to promote the development and improvement of workers' vocational abilities, to ensure stable employment and improve the status of workers, and to contribute to economic development. The Act specifies ordinary vocational training and advanced vocational training, and the specific training courses, training periods, and training hours are stipulated by Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare ordinance. Based on the Human Resources Development Promotion Law, a Basic Plan for Human Resources Development is formulated every five years, with the eighth plan starting in fiscal year 2006. This plan places special emphasis on workers' voluntary education and training. As a system to support workers' education and training, an education and training benefit system has been established that provides a certain percentage of the education and training expenses paid by workers to education and training facilities. [Mitomi Noriyoshi and Sasajima Yoshio] "The History of the Development of Vocational Training in Japan, Vol. 1 and 2, edited by Mikio Sumiya (1970, 1971, Japan Labor Association)" ▽ "Explanation of Japan's Vocational Ability Development, edited by the Human Resources Development Research Group (2009, Labor Newspaper)" ▽ "Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare, edited by the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare, various annual editions (Gyosei)" [Reference item] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
近代社会における機械体系の急速な発展に対応して労働者の職業上の地位を維持し向上するために、職業に必要な知識や技術を習得もしくは向上させることをいう。日本では、広義に学校教育の分野まで含めて職業技術教育という場合と、狭義に学校教育における職業教育を含まないでいう場合とがある。歴史的には各国で多様な形態のもとに発展したが、共通に確認されることは次の5点である。第一に、職業訓練が狭い職人的な伝達による方法から抜け出して、公的な訓練施設において行われるようになったこと。第二に、若年者を対象に開始された訓練が、その対象を拡大してすべての年齢階層を包括していること。第三に、訓練の内容が充実され、これに応じて訓練時間も延長されていること。第四に、訓練の成果を公的な資格として認定し、これが賃金をはじめとする労働条件に反映するような制度が採用されていること。最後に、訓練の費用負担における雇主と国の責任および労働者の権利性と労働組合の関与が明確にされてきたことである。 日本の職業訓練は、歴史的には、企業内職人徒弟制が1880年代から1890年代にかけて職業訓練の基本的な形態をなし、その後工場徒弟制を経て1910年代以降には企業内学校による講義を含む養成工制度が普及した。1920年代には、養成工制度が「産業合理化」運動の展開されるなかで大企業において確立した。1939年(昭和14)に制定された工場事業場技能者養成令は、主として大企業において実施されていた養成工制度の拡大によって、戦時の熟練工不足に対処しようとした。同じ年の国民徴用令のもとで増加する徴用工に対する訓練も行われたが、その内容は、具体的な作業内容についてよりも集団的な規律に重点を置く軍隊式の精神主義的なものであった。前年の1938年には、職業紹介法の全面改定による機械工補導所が全国的に設置されたが、勤労意欲を鼓吹する精神的・肉体的な鍛練を行うにとどまった。 第二次世界大戦後は、労働基準法による企業内の技能者養成と職業安定法による職業補導の二つの系統に沿って開始され、1958年(昭和33)には職業訓練法として単独立法化された。アメリカの労務管理技術の導入が1950年代の後半から進み、企業内教育がこの一環として大企業を中心に制度化された。その後、職業訓練法は、1969年、1978年の改正を経て、1985年に職業能力開発促進法と改められた。 職業能力開発促進法は、労働者の職業能力の開発および向上を促進し、労働者の雇用安定と地位向上を図るとともに、経済の発展に寄与することを目的としている。同法では、普通職業訓練および高度職業訓練を示し、その具体的な訓練課程、訓練期間および訓練時間の基準については厚生労働省令で定めている。 職業能力開発促進法に基づき、5年ごとに職業能力開発基本計画が策定され、2006年度(平成18)から第八次計画がスタートした。同計画ではとくに労働者の自発的な教育訓練を重視している。労働者の教育訓練を支援するための制度として、労働者が教育訓練施設に支払った教育訓練経費の一定割合に相当する額が支給される教育訓練給付制度が用意されている。 [三富紀敬・笹島芳雄] 『隅谷三喜男編著『日本職業訓練発展史』上下(1970、71・日本労働協会)』▽『人材開発研究会編『解説日本の職業能力開発』(2009・労働新聞社)』▽『厚生労働省編『厚生労働白書』各年版(ぎょうせい)』 [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
<<: Vocational training school - Shokugyokunrenko
…Also called Jiraiya. Originally, it was a charac...
…The same is true for the characteristic function...
...The name derives from the term macchia (color ...
In addition to the show trials of former oppositi...
…Wool, cotton, synthetic fibers, and leather are ...
This was a case in which a large number of people...
1114‐1200 Founder of the medieval Serbian Nemanjić...
A fraction between naphtha and diesel produced by...
A mountain range in the western United States, Uta...
A Chinese literati painter and poet in the mid-Mi...
…Architects are architectural engineers defined b...
This refers to child welfare facilities based on ...
...After returning to France, he established an e...
A mountain in the central part of Zhejiang Provin...
...the general term for the British Acts of 1700 ...