Information - joho (English) intelligence

Japanese: 情報 - じょうほう(英語表記)intelligence
Information - joho (English) intelligence
It refers to knowledge that a nation, organization, or individual acquires in order to know the situation of a nation, organization, or individual that is in an enemy, conflict, or rival relationship. Information or judgments from the other side, whether about a friendly nation (organization, individual), oneself, or a third party, are also treated as information. Information related to these is information, and the terms are generally used interchangeably. Information includes national intelligence (mainly political), military, economic, scientific and technological, and industrial, etc., according to the field required for the activity, and the means of acquiring such information can be legal or illegal. The latter is generally called espionage (activity). The former includes official publications, public areas, inspections of objects, conversations, and communications interception and reconnaissance activities conducted from the high seas, high air, the territory, or territorial waters (air) of one's own or a friendly nation, and reconnaissance by military forces is legal in wartime. Wartime espionage is not illegal, but is severely punished. Espionage in peacetime is handled and punished according to the laws of the country. The information obtained and collected through these means is processed (organized, analyzed, evaluated, judged, etc.) by intelligence agencies and used for each purpose. A recent trend is to use computers for all or part of these processes. Furthermore, due to the increasing complexity of the international situation, advances in science and technology, intensifying international and domestic competition in the industrial world, and the close relationship with national security, intelligence activities are changing and becoming more active in all fields. Protection against these is also part of intelligence activities and is an important part of security.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
国家,団体,または個人が,敵対,対立,競合関係にある国家,団体,個人についての状況を知るために獲得する知識をいう。対象が友好国 (団体,個人) もしくは,自己または第三者に関する相手側の情報ないしは判断もまた情報として処理される。これらに関する資料が情報資料 informationであって,一般には混同されて使用されている。情報には,その活動に必要な分野に従って,国家情報 (主として政治) ,軍事,経済,科学技術,および産業などがあり,それらの情報資料獲得の手段によって,合法,非合法の別がある。後者を一般にスパイ (活動) と称する。前者については,公刊物,公開地域,物件の視察,談話および公海,公空,自国あるいは友好国の領土,領海 (空) 内から行われる通信傍受,偵察行動を含むものであり,戦時にあっては兵力による偵察は合法である。戦時スパイは違法ではないが厳罰に処せられる。平時におけるスパイ行動は,その国の法律によって処理,処罰される。これらによって獲得,集約された情報資料は,情報機関によって処理 processing (整理,分析,評価,判断など) が行われ,それぞれの目的に従って利用される。最近の傾向として,これらの全部または一部にコンピュータが使用されている。また国際情勢の複雑化,科学技術の進歩と産業界における国際的・国内的競争の激化および安全保障との密接な関係から,各分野全般に情報活動が変化し,かつ活発化している。これらに関する防護もまた情報活動の一部であって,保全 securityの重要な部門をなしている。

出典 ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典について 情報

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