Heavy water

Japanese: 重水 - じゅうすい(英語表記)heavy water
Heavy water

Water is a compound of hydrogen H and oxygen O. Hydrogen has three stable isotopes: 1H (protium H), 2H (deuterium D), and 3H (tritium T), and oxygen has three stable isotopes: 16O , 17O , and 18O . Water made of 1H and 16O is called light water, and water made of any other combination of H and O is called heavy water. Ordinary water contains 99.76% light water (molecular weight 18), and other heavy waters, such as those listed in Table 1 , are also included. This content is almost constant regardless of the origin or location of the water, but heavy water is somewhat concentrated in the Dead Sea in Western Asia, deep sea water, and some living organisms. Of these heavy waters, deuterium oxide D216O is relatively easy to obtain, and is often called heavy water D2O . Since the electrolysis rate of D2O is about a fraction of that of H2O , when an aqueous solution containing an alkali hydroxide is electrolyzed, the residual liquid gradually becomes richer in heavy water, and the D2 concentration in the hydrogen generated increases, which is then oxidized and added to the previous electrolyte to further concentrate it. In this way, about 10 tons of heavy water can be obtained from 100,000 tons of water (it can also be obtained by isotope exchange).

Heavy water is a colorless, odorless liquid like regular water, and its qualitative properties are almost the same ( Table 2 ). However, there are considerable quantitative differences, and heavy water is generally less reactive and has a low solubility of salts. When the concentration of heavy water is low, it has no inhibitory effect on living organisms, but as the concentration increases, it does. For example, higher plants and animals are unable to respire or assimilate carbon dioxide normally in heavy water, leading to their death. D 2 O absorbs very few neutrons, so it is used as a neutron moderator and coolant in nuclear reactors, and such reactors are called heavy water reactors.

[Nakahara Katsunori]

Water composition (Table 1)
Note: The table shows the composition of ordinary water. % is the mole percentage. ©Shogakukan ">

Water composition (Table 1)

Chemical properties of heavy water and water (Table 2)
©Shogakukan ">

Chemical properties of heavy water and water (Table 2)


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

水は水素Hと酸素Oの化合物であるが、水素には1H(プロチウムH)、2H(ジュウテリウムD)、3H(トリチウムT)の三つの安定同位体があり、酸素には16O、17O、18Oの三つの安定同位体がある。このうち1Hと16Oからできている水を軽水といい、それ以外のHとOとの組合せからできている水を重水という。普通の水は軽水(分子量18)を99.76%含み、それ以外の重水として表1のようなものが含まれている。このような含有量は、水の起源、場所などにかかわらずほぼ一定であるが、西アジアの死海や、あるいは深海の水、ある種の生体などでは重水がやや濃縮されている。また、これらの重水のうち、比較的容易に手に入るのは酸化ジュウテリウムD216Oなので、これを重水D2Oということが多い。D2Oの電解速度はH2Oの数分の1程度であるため、水酸化アルカリを含む水溶液を電気分解すると、残液が徐々に重水に富むようになり、また発生する水素中のD2濃度が高くなり、これを酸化して前段階の電解液に加えて濃縮を進める。これにより10万トンの水から約10トンの重水が得られる(そのほか同位体交換法によっても得ることができる)。

 重水は、通常の水と同じく無色・無臭の液体で、定性的な性質もほとんど変わらない(表2)。しかし定量的にはかなりの違いがあり、一般に反応性が乏しく、塩類の溶解度なども小さい。生物に対しては、重水の濃度が小さいときは、生体に対する阻害作用はみられないが、濃くなると現れ、たとえば高等動植物は重水中で正常の呼吸作用や、炭酸同化作用を行うことができなくなり死に至る。D2Oは中性子を吸収することがきわめて少ないので、原子炉の中性子減速材や冷却材として用いられ、その原子炉を重水型原子炉という。

[中原勝儼]

水の組成〔表1〕
注:表は普通の水の組成。%はモルの百分率©Shogakukan">

水の組成〔表1〕

重水と水の化学的性質〔表2〕
©Shogakukan">

重水と水の化学的性質〔表2〕


出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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