Judicial scrivener - Shihoshoshi

Japanese: 司法書士 - しほうしょし
Judicial scrivener - Shihoshoshi

Judicial scriveners perform the following three tasks at the request of others.
(1) Registration procedures (preparation of registration-related documents and procedural representation)
(2) Deposit affairs (preparation of documents related to deposits and procedural representation)
(3) Judicial affairs (preparation of documents such as complaints, charges, and naturalization applications to be submitted to courts, public prosecutors' offices, and legal affairs bureaus)
It is.

This judicial scrivener system was established in the early Meiji period as a scrivener system based on the Judicial Duties Regulations and Pleading Preliminaries, and was recognized as a legal system by the Judicial Scriveners Act of 1919. In 1935, the name was changed to judicial scriveners, and after several major and minor amendments, the current judicial scrivener system was established. Initially, they were literally just "scriveners". However, the current Judicial Scriveners Act (Act No. 197 of 1950) places their duties at a high level, stating in Article 1 that "the purpose of the Act is to contribute to the proper and smooth implementation of procedures related to registration, deposit, and litigation by establishing a system for judicial scriveners and ensuring the proper conduct of their work, thereby contributing to the protection of the rights of the people." Furthermore, Article 2 stipulates that "Judicial scriveners must always maintain dignity, be familiar with the laws and practices related to their work, and perform their work fairly and honestly." This makes it clear that the role of judicial scriveners in contributing to the protection of people's rights is not simply to "write on behalf of others," and judicial scriveners are expected to play an increasingly important role in the future as legal practitioners who are close to citizens.

Judicial scriveners are prohibited from being involved in lawsuits or other cases between other people beyond the scope of their work, and are not permitted to receive legal advice independently of their original work, as this violates Article 72 of the Attorneys Act, but are permitted to provide legal advice in connection with their original work that they have been commissioned to do. The more rural the region, the more judicial scriveners there are and the fewer lawyers, so this problem is more likely to occur. In addition, because judicial scriveners' work has two aspects, namely, involvement in registration work and litigation work, there are still problems with adjusting the scope of their work with lawyers. In reality, they are said to play a role similar to that of a family doctor in the legal life of citizens, mainly representing people in registration procedures. A nationwide free legal consultation service has been held every year around October 1 (Law Day) since 1974 (Showa 49), and regular free legal consultations at each judicial scrivener association have also become established in the region. In addition, they have been actively working on the problem of consumer bankruptcy for people with multiple debts due to credit and consumer loans, which has been increasing year by year, since around the time of the enforcement of the Money Lending Business Regulation Act in 1983. In December 1999, the "Adult Guardianship Center Legal Support" was established to protect the rights of the elderly (adult guardianship), and provides assistance to the elderly and others. Small claims procedures (Article 368 of the New Civil Procedure Act and onward) focus on disputes close to home, but as lawyers for the public, they are involved in many court proceedings. In addition, with the enactment of the Civil Legal Aid Act in April 2000 (implemented in October 2000), they became involved in the field of legal aid by preparing documents to be submitted to the court. This act was abolished with the enactment of the Comprehensive Legal Support Act in June 2004, but the Comprehensive Legal Support Act includes civil legal aid services as a service related to comprehensive support for the resolution of legal disputes.

Those who are qualified to become judicial scriveners are those who have passed the judicial scrivener examination, or those who have 10 years or more of work experience as a court clerk, legal affairs officer, or prosecutor's office officer, and who the Minister of Justice recognizes as having the necessary knowledge and ability to perform the duties of a judicial scrivener. However, in order to perform the duties, it is necessary to apply for and receive registration on the judicial scrivener register with the Japan Federation of Judicial Scriveners Associations through a judicial scrivener association established within the jurisdiction of the Legal Affairs Bureau or District Legal Affairs Bureau that has jurisdiction over the place where the person plans to set up an office.

[Ikuo Ikejiri]

[Reference items] | Deposit | Small claims | Adult guardianship system | Lawsuit | Scrivener | Registration

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

司法書士は、他人の嘱託を受けて、以下の三つの仕事を行う。すなわち、
(1)登記事務(登記に関する書面の作成と手続の代理)
(2)供託事務(供託に関する書面の作成と手続の代理)
(3)裁判事務(裁判所、検察庁、法務局に提出する訴状、告訴状、帰化申請書などの書面の作成)
である。

 この司法書士制度は、明治初期に、司法職務定制および訴答文例による代書人制度として発足し、1919年の司法代書人法により、法律上の制度として認められた。その後、1935年、名称が司法書士と改められたほか、数次にわたる大小の改正を経て、現行の司法書士制度として確立した。当初は、文字どおり「代書屋」にすぎなかった。しかし、現行司法書士法(昭和25年法律197号)では、その業務を、第1条では「司法書士の制度を定め、その業務の適正を図ることにより、登記、供託及び訴訟等に関する手続の適正かつ円滑な実施に資し、もって国民の権利の保護に寄与することを目的とする」という高い次元に位置づけている。さらに、第2条は、「司法書士は、常に品位を保持し、業務に関する法令及び実務に精通して、公正かつ誠実にその業務を行わなければならない」と定めている。これにより国民の権利の保全に寄与する司法書士の職務が単なる「代書」でないことは明らかであり、司法書士は市民の身近な法律実務家として、今後ますますその役割が期待される。

 司法書士は、業務の範囲を超えて他人間の訴訟その他の事件に関与することは禁じられており、本来の業務と関係なしに独立して法律相談を受けることは弁護士法第72条に抵触し許されないが、嘱託を受けた本来の業務に関連しての法律相談は許される、とされている。地方になるほど司法書士が多く、弁護士が少ないため、こうした問題がおこりやすい。また、司法書士の業務が登記業務と訴訟事務への関与という二面性を有するために、対弁護士との職務範囲の調整について問題を残している。現実には登記手続の代理を中心に、市民の法律生活におけるホーム・ドクター的な役割を果たしているといわれている。全国一斉の無料法律相談事業については、1974年度(昭和49)から毎年10月1日(法の日)を中心に実施されており、各司法書士会における定例の無料法律相談も地域に定着している。また年々増加の一途をたどるクレジット・サラ金による多重債務者の消費者破産問題についても、83年の貸金業規制法施行の前後から積極的に取り組んでいる。また99年(平成11)12月には高齢者の権利擁護(成年後見)のための「社団法人成年後見センター・リーガルサポート」が設立され、高齢者などへの援助が行われている。少額訴訟手続(新民事訴訟法368条以下)では、市民の身近な紛争が中心になるが、市民のための法律家として多くの裁判事務手続に関与している。また、2000年4月に成立した民事法律扶助法(2000年10月施行)により、法律扶助の分野でも裁判所への提出書類の作成を通して関与することになった。同法は、2004年6月に総合法律支援法が成立したことにより廃止されたが、総合法律支援法では、法的な紛争解決のための総合的な支援に関するサービスとして、民事法律扶助事業が含まれている。

 司法書士となる資格をもつのは、司法書士試験に合格した者、または10年以上裁判所書記官、法務事務官、検察事務官などの職歴を有し、かつ法務大臣が司法書士業務を行うに必要な知識能力を有すると認めた者である。ただし、業務を行うためには、事務所を設けようとする地を管轄する法務局または地方法務局の管轄区域内に設立された司法書士会を経由し、日本司法書士会連合会に司法書士名簿への登録申請をし、その登録を受けることが必要である。

[池尻郁夫]

[参照項目] | 供託 | 少額訴訟 | 成年後見制度 | 訴訟 | 代書人 | 登記

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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