Founder of the Maratha Kingdom, a Hindu dynasty centered in the Deccan region in central India (reigned 1674-80). The Deccan region had been ruled by various Muslim dynasties since the 14th century. In the 17th century, the Nizam Shahi dynasty with its capital in Ahmadnagar and the Adil Shahi kingdom with its capital in Bijapur were powerful, but the Mughal Empire attacked these dynasties from the north. Under the rule of these Muslim dynasties, Maratha clans gradually grew. They were mainly people called deshmukhs, local aristocrats who usually controlled several dozen villages and had around 1,000 soldiers. Shibaji was born as the son of Shahaji, a powerful Maratha warlord who served the Nizam Shahi dynasty, and grew up in Puna, which was his father's fiefdom. From around 1640, Shibaji united the local lords around Puna and formed an independent force. Since the Nizam Shahi dynasty was quickly overthrown by the Mughals, Shibaji first fought against the Adil Shahi Kingdom and later the Mughal Empire. In particular, the sixth Mughal, Aurangzeb, stayed in the military camp in Aurangabad in the north for 30 years, intending to eradicate the Maratha power, but was ultimately unsuccessful. Shivaji's tactics were mainly based on building mountain forts and using them as bases for guerilla warfare, and he is said to have built around 250 forts in the Deccan mountains. In 1674, when it was determined that his dominance had given him the power to rival the Muslim dynasties, Shivaji ascended to the throne of the Maratha Kingdom in accordance with ancient Hindu customs at Raigarh Fort. Shivaji's territory was called Swarajya (his own territory), but he also gained the right to collect taxes, known as Chauta, from Mughal territory, gradually encroaching upon it. [Otani Hiroyuki] [Reference item] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
インド中央部、デカン地方を中心とするヒンドゥー王朝、マラータ王国の創始者(在位1674~80)。デカン地方は14世紀以降、さまざまなムスリム諸王朝によって支配されていた。17世紀にはアフマドナガルを首都とするニザーム・シャーヒー王朝と、ビジャープールを首都とするアーディル・シャーヒー王国とが強力であったが、ムガル帝国は北からこれらの王朝に攻撃をかけていた。このムスリム系の諸王朝の支配下で、マラータの豪族が徐々に成長していった。彼らはおもに郷主(デーシュムク)とよばれる人々で、通常数十か村を支配し、1000人ぐらいの兵を擁する在地の土豪階層であった。 シバージーは、ニザーム・シャーヒー王朝に仕えていた有力なマラータの武将シャーハジーの息子として生まれ、父の封地であったプーナで育った。シバージーは1640年ごろから、プーナ周辺の土豪勢力を糾合し、独立的な勢力を形成していった。ニザーム・シャーヒー王朝は早くムガルによって倒されたため、シバージーが戦った相手は、初めはアーディル・シャーヒー王国、のちにはムガル帝国であった。とくにムガル第6代アウランゼーブは、北部のアウランガーバード(オーランガーバード)の軍営に30年にわたって滞在し、マラータ勢力撲滅を意図したが、ついに成功しなかった。 シバージーの戦法は、山城を築き、そこを拠点とするゲリラ戦法が主であり、デカン山岳部に約250の城塞(じょうさい)を築いたといわれる。その支配力がムスリム諸王朝に対抗する力を得たと判断された1674年、シバージーはラーイガル城でヒンドゥーの古式にのっとってマラータ王国の王位についた。シバージーの領土は、スワラージャ(自領)と称されたが、ムガルの領土に対してもチャウタと称される税の徴収権を獲得し、徐々に侵食していった。 [小谷汪之] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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