A movie script or screenplay. It is a word derived from the Latin scena (stage, scene) and was originally a loanword from Italian. It was originally used to mean the plot that connected the scenes (scenes) of a play or opera, but has since become a movie term. However, in English, screenplay or script are more commonly used. In the early days of film history, films focused on spectacle rather than story, and only showed very short images. Gradually, however, a plot-like structure, including a series of scene changes, characters' entrances and exits, explanations in subtitles, and dialogue, became necessary. As films became longer and stories became more complex, the plot-like structure, i.e., the scenario, became more sophisticated and the writing method became more detailed. This detailed scenario, in which the roles of directing, filming, editing, etc. were written down along with the story, was called "continuity" in English, "shooting script," and "découpage" in French, and came to be used as a shooting script. In the West, the use of scenarios and shooting scripts began quite early, but it was not until the 1920s that they became common in Japan. Until then, they were merely memos for the director, and explanatory scripts for the narrator were given more importance. One person who advocated the need for a scenario from the late 1910s was Norimasa Kaeriyaman. The screenplay for his film The Splendor of Life (1918), which was modeled on the American-style shot-oriented continuity format, remains, and many of the screenplays for Japanese films from the silent era followed this format. In the talkie era, excellent screenwriters began to emerge from all over the world, modeled on plays and literary works, and some film countries, such as France in the 1930s, began to give screenplays a superior role. It was around this time that Japan changed to the screenplay format that is currently seen by the general public in print, that is, a format that is scene-oriented and closer to a play with many scenes. Unlike a play, a screenplay has little independence as a readable text, and in the past there was a debate as to whether a screenplay can be considered literature. However, a screenplay is not an essential element of a film. Some directors place importance on the screenplay while others do not, and there are some genres such as documentaries where it is not necessarily required. Nevertheless, the screenplay still plays a large role in the overall role of a feature film. An original screenplay is one that is written without being based on a novel or other original work. [Kenji Iwamoto] "Scenario Structure Theory" by Noda Kogo (1952, Hobunkan Publishing, 1976, revised new edition)" ▽ "Complete Works of Japanese Scenario Literature" 12 volumes (1955-1956, Rironsha)" ▽ "Scenario Structure" by Shindo Kaneto (1959, Hobunkan, 1978, revised new edition)" ▽ "Complete Works of Japanese Film and Scenario Classics" 6 volumes (1965-1966, Kinema Junposha)" ▽ "Japanese Scenario Series" 6 volumes (1973-1979, Eijinsha)" ▽ "Literature in Film, Film in Literature" by Iijima Tadashi (1976, Hakusuisha)" ▽ "Japanese Scenario Writers: The Secrets of Creation" by Tayama Rikiya (1978, Davidsha)" ▽ "History of Japanese Scenario" Volumes 1 and 2 by Shindo Kaneto (1989, Iwanami Shoten)" ▽ "Scenario Literature, edited by Tanigawa Yoshio, revised and expanded edition (1997, Futosha)" ▽ "Scenario Writing Introduction: Basic Training in Ideas, Structure, and Description, by Arai Hajime (2010, Eijinsha)" ▽ "Yearly Editions of Representative Scenario Yearbook (1953-1958, Mikasa Shobo, 1960-1988, Davidsha, 1989-2002, Eijinsha, 2003-, Scenario Writers Association)" [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
映画の脚本、台本。古くはラテン語のscena(舞台、場面)から派生したことばで、イタリア語からの外来語。演劇やオペラの場面(シエーナ)をつないだ筋書きの意味で使われていたのが、映画用語へ転じて使われるようになった。ただし、英語ではスクリーンプレイscreenplayまたはスクリプトscriptが一般的である。 映画史初期の作品は物語よりも見世物性(アトラクション)を中心にごく短い映像を見せるだけのものであったが、しだいに一連の場面転換と人物の登退場、字幕による説明やせりふを含んだ筋書きめいたものが必要になってきた。映画が長尺化し、物語が複雑になるにつれて、その筋書きめいたもの、すなわちシナリオも洗練され、書き方も詳細になっていく。この詳細なシナリオ、つまり演出、撮影、編集などの役割が物語とともに文字化されたシナリオは、英語ではコンティニュイティcontinuity、シューティング・スクリプトshooting-script、フランス語ではデクパージュdécoupageなどとよばれ、撮影用台本として使われるようになった。欧米ではシナリオや撮影用台本の使用はかなり早くから始まっているが、日本で一般化するのは1920年代に入ってからである。それまでは監督のメモ程度のものでしかなく、むしろ弁士のための説明用台本のほうが重視された。1910年代後半からシナリオの必要性を説いた人に帰山教正(かえりやまのりまさ)がいる。アメリカ流のショット本位のコンティニュイティ形式を手本とした彼の『生の輝き』(1918)はシナリオが残されており、サイレント時代の日本映画のシナリオはこの形式を踏襲したものが多い。トーキー時代になると、戯曲や文芸作品を手本に各国で優れたシナリオライターが輩出するようになり、1930年代フランス映画のように、シナリオ優位の映画国も現れた。日本ではこのころから、現在活字で一般の目に触れるシナリオの形式へ、すなわちシーン本位で、場面の多い戯曲に近い形式へと変わった。 シナリオは戯曲と異なり、読まれるテキストとしての独立性が薄いので、「シナリオは文学たりうるか」という論争がかつて行われたこともある。しかし、シナリオは映画に必要不可欠の要素というわけではない。シナリオを重視する監督もいれば、重視しない監督もおり、記録映画などのようにかならずしも必要としないジャンルもある。それでも劇映画全体に占めるシナリオの役割が大きいことに変わりはない。なお、小説などの原作によらない書き下ろしをオリジナル・シナリオという。 [岩本憲児] 『野田高梧著『シナリオ構造論』(1952・宝文館出版、1976・改訂新版)』▽『『日本シナリオ文学全集』全12巻(1955~1956・理論社)』▽『新藤兼人著『シナリオの構成』(1959・宝文館、1978・改訂新版)』▽『『日本映画・シナリオ古典全集』全6巻(1965~1966・キネマ旬報社)』▽『『日本シナリオ大系』全6巻(1973~1979・映人社)』▽『飯島正著『映画のなかの文学 文学のなかの映画』(1976・白水社)』▽『田山力哉著『日本のシナリオ作家たち 創作の秘密』(1978・ダヴィッド社)』▽『新藤兼人著『日本シナリオ史』上下(1989・岩波書店)』▽『谷川義雄編『シナリオ文献』増補改訂版(1997・風濤社)』▽『新井一著『シナリオ作法入門――発想・構成・描写の基礎トレーニング』(2010・映人社)』▽『『年鑑代表シナリオ集』各年版(1953~1958・三笠書房、1960~1988・ダヴィッド社、1989~2002・映人社、2003~・シナリオ作家協会)』 [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
<<: sinarquismo (English spelling)
…The third is stagnant surplus population, which ...
A river in northern Manitoba, Canada. It flows out...
There are three types of paintings with war as th...
…Elephant [Kamei Setsuo]. . . *Some of the termin...
A phase in which a liquid is in a state where all ...
…In contrast, there is the Smṛti (sacred traditio...
...Distributed in Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, Korea,...
…The conference hall is a multi-pillared hall mea...
⇒ Australopithecus afarensis Source: About Shogaku...
A form of theater that was established in the cult...
Livestock farming is a lifestyle based on managin...
...Yellowknife is the provincial capital. It occu...
…However, after the Norman Conquest in 1066, the ...
In the Middle Ages, two Doso (storehouses) were ap...
The finest clastic particles are silt and clay, a...