Kingdom of Sicily (English spelling) Regno di Sicilia Italian

Japanese: シチリア王国 - しちりあおうこく(英語表記)Regno di Sicilia イタリア語
Kingdom of Sicily (English spelling) Regno di Sicilia Italian

A kingdom that ruled the island of Sicily and the southern part of the Italian peninsula in the Middle Ages. Sicily, which had been under the control of Islamic forces since the first half of the 9th century, was conquered in the second half of the 11th century by Norman knights Robert Guiscard and brother Roger I, and the latter's son Roger II became king of Sicily in 1130, establishing a new kingdom. The Norman knights first settled in the Italian peninsula and then began their conquest of Sicily, so the capital of the Kingdom of Sicily was in Palermo, but its territory spanned both the southern part of the peninsula and the island. For this reason, it is sometimes called the Kingdom of Sicily and Apulia (not its official name).

Roger I and II adopted a policy of religious tolerance and centralized power while utilizing the governing system of the Islamic era. Thus, the Kingdom of Sicily became the center of a unique culture that maintained the influence of Islamic and earlier Byzantine cultures while being located at the edge of the Catholic world. When the male line of the Norman dynasty died out in 1189, Henry (VI) of the Hohenstaufen dynasty ascended to the throne through marriage. His son Frederick II fought against Pope Innocent III, who wanted to keep the Kingdom of Sicily in the position of a feudal vassal of the Papacy, and attempted to establish imperial power using the Kingdom of Sicily as a foothold. During this period, the Kingdom of Sicily reached the height of its prosperity, and the international culture that had existed since the Norman dynasty had a great influence on urban cultures throughout Italy. After Frederick's death, the Pope invited Charles of Anjou from France (1266), and the Angevin dynasty was established. However, in 1282, the so-called "Sicilian Vespers" rebellion saw the island of Sicily fall into the hands of the House of Aragon, while the House of Angevin retained southern Italy, splitting the Kingdom of Sicily into two. Both dynasties claimed to be kings of Sicily, but the Angevin dynasty is generally called the Kingdom of Naples (after 1282). In 1442, Alfonso V of Aragon conquered Naples and combined the two kingdoms under the name Alfonso I. In 1503, Ferdinand V of Spain (a Catholic king) ascended to the throne, and the Kingdom of Sicily was effectively merged into Spain.

[Kouichirou Shimizu]

[References] | The Sicilian Vespers

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

中世においてシチリア(シシリーSicily)島とイタリア半島南部を支配した王国。9世紀前半からイスラム勢力の支配下にあったシチリア島は、11世紀後半にノルマン出身の騎士ロベルト・グイスカルド(ロベール・ギスカール)とルッジェーロ(1世)の兄弟によって征服され、後者の子ルッジェーロ(2世)が1130年にシチリア王に即位したことによって新しい王国が成立した。ノルマン騎士はまずイタリア半島に定着し、それからシチリア征服を開始したため、シチリア王国の首都はパレルモにあったが、領土は半島南部と島の双方にまたがっていた。そのためシチリア・プーリア王国とよばれることもある(正式名称ではない)。

 ルッジェーロ1世・2世は宗教的寛容政策をとり、イスラム時代の統治機構を利用しながら権力の集中を進めた。こうしてシチリア王国は、カトリック世界の一端に位置しながら、イスラム文化およびそれ以前のビザンティン文化の影響を維持した特異な文化の中心となった。1189年にノルマン朝の男系が絶えると、ホーエンシュタウフェン朝のハインリヒ(6世)が婚姻関係から王位についた。その子フリードリヒ2世は、シチリア王国を教皇庁の封建臣下の位置にとどめておこうとする教皇インノケンティウス3世と争い、シチリア王国を足場に皇帝権の確立を企てた。この時代にシチリア王国は繁栄の頂点に達し、ノルマン朝以来の国際的文化はイタリア各地の都市文化に大きな影響を与えた。フリードリヒの死後、教皇によってフランスからシャルル・ダンジューが招かれ(1266)、アンジュー朝が成立した。しかし、1282年のいわゆる「シチリアの晩鐘」の反乱によって、シチリア島はアラゴン家の手に帰し、アンジュー家は南イタリアを維持することになり、シチリア王国は二つに分裂した。この両王朝ともシチリア王を称したが、アンジュー朝の場合は一般にナポリ王国(1282以降)とよばれる。1442年、アラゴンのアルフォンソ5世がナポリを征服し、両国家を結合してアルフォンソ1世を称した。さらに1503年にスペイン王フェルナンド5世(カトリック王)が国王に即位し、シチリア王国は事実上スペインに合併された。

[清水廣一郎]

[参照項目] | シチリアの晩鐘

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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