A general term for clothing that is hidden or largely hidden from the view of others by clothing worn on the outside. [Akiko Fukai] Clothing UnderwearIn English, it is called underwear or underclothes. In the industry, the term intimate apparel is used. The purpose of wearing underwear is to protect the body itself, to wear it mainly for hygienic purposes (underwear), to support outer clothing, to make it slippery, and to give it shape. In addition, we cannot overlook the relationship between wearing underwear and social morals, and the psychological effect of increasing sexual attractiveness to the opposite sex. Underwear in the broad sense includes a very wide range of clothing. In addition to undershirts and shapewear, it includes vests, dress shirts, nightwear, loungewear, stockings, etc. Today, underwear includes the following: Men's underwear is primarily undershirts, and generally consists of an undershirt (T-shirt, tank top, etc.) worn on the upper body and pants (briefs, trunks, underpants) for the lower body. Materials used are mainly cotton, with wool, linen, synthetic fibers, stretch fibers, or blends of these, and are often made of knitted fabrics that fit the body well. With the improvement of indoor environments such as heating equipment, there has been a noticeable trend in recent years toward simplification and weight reduction. In Japan, women's underwear is called foundation if it has the function of shaping the body, and lingerie (from the French, meaning women's underwear). Foundations include brassieres, girdles, and bodysuits, while lingerie includes slips, camisoles, petticoats, teddies, undergarments, and shorts (panties). Lingerie also has a strong decorative element, and is made of cotton, silk, linen, wool, and synthetic fibers and trimmed with lace. Foundations clearly show the uniqueness of women's underwear, and in modern times, when the beauty of the human body itself is pursued, they are made using stretchy materials to maintain the soft shape of the breasts and hips as a way to shape the natural body line. However, in the past, when the silhouette of clothes that were far removed from the human body was pursued, they were a tool to disguise the human body. In particular, fashions in women's clothing from the Renaissance through to the 19th century saw a transition towards more creative silhouettes, and in order to support these structured silhouettes, a variety of ingenious undergarments were needed more than outerwear. Therefore, it is difficult to describe the historical course of all of these wide-ranging undergarments. What is important is that undergarments have constantly changed while being closely related to the silhouette of outer clothing, that is, the outer garment. In ancient times, undergarments were not clearly differentiated from outer clothing. The origin of undergarments can be seen in the inner layer of the two tunics worn in ancient Egyptian clothing, which had a strong, privileged color. As for undergarments specific to women, their origins can also be seen in the prototypes of the corset and crinoline of ancient Crete. In the Middle Ages, under the influence of northern tribes, people began to wear layers of clothing, and loose linen underwear came into use. This became the prototype of the shirt (chemise), which was later to be used to create dress shirts, nightshirts, slips, etc. In the Renaissance, clothing developed into more elaborate garments. Around this time, underwear became more decorative, with shirts showing through slits and slashes, and decorative collars and cuffs peeking out from the neckline and sleeve openings. In women's clothing, corsets and hoops called farthingales played an important role in supporting the creative shape of the figure. These two types of underwear, although their shapes and names differed, played an extremely important role as underwear that supported the silhouette of women's clothing until the end of the 19th century. In the early 20th century, when corsets became shorter and only covered the waist, the need to support the breasts led to the birth of the brassiere. Furthermore, from the 1920s onwards, as skirt lengths became shorter, shorts finally became a common necessity for women, and the current style was established. After World War II, the development of synthetic fibers, especially stretchy materials, led to the creation of a succession of functional underwear. Western-style underwear began to be worn in Japan in the 1920s, along with the shift to Western clothing, but it was not until after World War II that it became common. Meanwhile, for men's clothing, braies (pants), which were outerwear in the Middle Ages, began to be hidden under clothing and became underwear from around the 11th century. From the Renaissance onwards, hose (tights-like socks) also became indispensable. In the 18th century, when coat-type clothing was adopted, shirts peeking out from the chest became even more important, and have basically continued to this day. In this way, the division between underwear and outerwear changes with the times. Historically, men's dress shirts were underwear, while T-shirts, which were underwear, are now considered outerwear. In the late 1990s, the camisole look, which was like lingerie, became popular. In the future, the scope of what constitutes underwear will likely continue to change in various ways due to the development of new materials, changes in sexual mores, and changes in the environment. [Akiko Fukai] Japanese kimono underwearUnderwear includes (1) layered undergarments, (2) undergarments worn directly against the skin, and (3) innerwear worn between the outerwear and undergarments. In the case of Japanese clothing, underwear refers to layered undergarments (two or three layers), but there are some points in which they cannot be clearly distinguished from undergarments. (1) Oshi-shita (Oshi-underwear) Samurai and wealthy townspeople wore gray or light blue muku underwear when wearing habutae (crested) underwear. "Muku" refers to underwear with the same texture and color on both sides. For plain-dyed habutae or noshime underwear, white habutae or komon-dyed underwear was used. Commoner men were prohibited from wearing white underwear. Palace ladies wore white silk underwear for everything from formal wear to everyday wear. Even among commoners, white underwear was used for plain-patterned formal wear. Some women in Kyoto and Osaka used white silk. For formal wear, komon muku underwear was mainly used. In both Edo and Kyoto and Osaka, women wore white underwear if their jackets were white, but for komon or striped underwear, different fabrics, colors, and patterns were often used for the outside and inside. This is called gaku tailoring (bodyless tailoring) and there are two types: one for making the undergarment more showy, and one for saving money by patching together pieces of fabric. When gaku tailoring is used for men, there are two colors around the edge and inside. For women, two colors are preferable, but three or more colors may be used. When wearing two layers of undergarment, the one worn underneath is gaku tailoring. In early winter and mid-spring, one undergarment is worn with the jacket, making two layers with one collar. In winter, two undergarments are worn with the jacket, making three layers with one collar. This style of wearing was used from the Meiji period to the early Taisho period. After the late Taisho period, two layers with one collar became more common, and then it was simplified to hon-hiyoku, with the body made with a lined layer and the cuffs, collar, collar, and hem made with two layers. After World War II, jackets began to be made completely lined, with the cuffs, collar, and hem made separately, and the edges were quilted to the jacket, creating a style with attached hiyoku. Even black tomesode with five crests are now made with attached hiyoku. From the end of the Taisho period, Homongi came into fashion, and layered kimonos, except for black crested kimonos, fell out of fashion. For mourning clothes as well, two layers of black with five crests and a white collar were worn on one collar before World War II, but after the war, the use of two layers of kimono fell out of fashion. In recent years, layered collars (date collars) have been developed for Homongi and formal attire, which make the collar look like two layers, and these are worn with careful consideration of the color scheme with the Nagagi, reminiscent of the colors of the Osore kimono of the Heian period. The Kageshita worn under the Uchikake as a wedding attire is two layers, the top one called Ma-gi and the bottom one called Shita. (2) Underwear worn directly against the skin For men, this includes undergarments such as juban, fundoshi, and suteteko. After the introduction of Western culture during the Meiji period and the start of wearing shirts, the word "hadajuban" was abbreviated to "shirt" and shirts were used as undergarments for everyday wear. A cotton crepe shirt or a cotton knitted shirt was worn directly against the skin, and a camel hair shirt was layered over this to keep warm, followed by a half-undergarment and suteteko on top. For women, this includes undergarments, futanos (leg cloths), or koshimaki. Futanos and koshimaki are worn by wrapping them around the lower half of the body. This is an evolution of the yumoji used in bathing equipment. In the old days, women did not use long undergarments, but instead wore yumonji on their undergarments and then wore their kimonos over them. The yu-moji, ni-fu, and leg cloths were made of scarlet or light blue crepe and were worn long, so that they could be seen spilling out from the hem when walking. This was called ke-da-shi because it was visible when the wearer kicked out. When people started wearing nagajuban undergarments, the ke-da-shi could no longer be seen, and what was visible was the hem of the nagajuban with its flashy patterns. At the end of the Edo period, in order to give the same feel to a half-undergarment without wearing a nagajuban, people began to wear something similar to the lower half of the nagajuban over a loincloth, and this was also called ke-da-shi. Then, the sleeves and ke-da-shi of the half-undergarment came to be made from the same fabric, and the ke-da-shi was also called susoyoke. A white cotton horizontal cloth was sewn to the top of the loincloth, susokidashi, and keshidashi, and initially the ends were tucked in, but later strings were added. Today, the traditional term keshidashi has fallen out of use, and the term keshidashi is used instead. The fabric for susokidashi should be smooth, easy to move the feet around when walking, and free of static electricity. Cupra, rayon, and cotton are suitable. Today, undergarments for Western clothing have come to be used for Japanese clothing, and improvements have been made to undergarments for Japanese clothing, eliminating the inconvenience of putting them on and taking them off. Breast pads and corsets for Japanese clothing have also become commercially available. (3) A layer between the jacket and the undergarment. A vest used as a layer to keep warm, but in recent years, a new type of layer has been developed. For the lower body, a skirt-like red or camel-colored Miyako loincloth made of knitted wool is used. Similar items are also available commercially. [Yasu Fujimoto] "Kidagawa Morisada's History of Modern Manners and Customs (1928, Buncho Shoin)" ▽ "Cécile Saint Laurent's History of Women's Underwear, translated by Fukai Akiko (1989, Edition Wacoal)" ▽ "C. Willett and Phillis History of Underclothes (1951, Michael Joseph, New York)" ▽ "Elizabeth Ewing Dress and Undress (1978, Batsford Ltd., London)" [Reference item] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
表に着る衣服によって他人の目から隠される、あるいは大部分が隠されてしまう衣服の総称。 [深井晃子] 洋服の下着英語ではアンダーウエアunderwear、アンダークローズunderclothes。業界ではインティメート・アパレルintimate apparelが使われる。着用目的は、体そのものを保護し、主として衛生上の目的で着る(肌着)、外側の衣服を支えたり、滑りをよくしたり、形を整えたりするなどである。さらに、下着着用の社会的モラルとのかかわり、異性に対する性的魅力を高める心理的効果なども見逃せない。 広義の下着には非常に広範囲の衣類が含まれる。肌着や補正用下着のほかに、ベストやワイシャツ、ナイトウエア類、室内着、ストッキング類などである。今日では、下着には次のようなものが含まれる。男子用下着は肌着が中心で、上半身につけるアンダーシャツundershirt(Tシャツ、タンクトップなど)と、下半身用のパンツ(ブリーフ、トランクス、ズボン下)との構成が一般的。素材には木綿を中心としてウール、麻、合繊、ストレッチ繊維、またはこれらの混紡の、体になじみやすいニット(メリヤス)地のものが多く用いられている。暖房設備などの室内環境の整備に伴い、近年簡素化、軽量化の傾向が著しい。 女子用下着は日本では、体形を整える機能をもった下着をファンデーションfoundation、それ以外の下着をランジェリーlingerie(フランス語を語源とし、女性用下着類の意)とよんでいる。ファンデーションには、ブラジャーbrassière、ガードルgirdle、ボディスーツbodysuitなどがあり、ランジェリーはスリップslip、キャミソールcamisole、ペチコートpetticoat、テディteddy、肌着、ショーツshorts(パンティpanties)などである。ランジェリーは装飾的要素も強く、木綿、シルク、麻、ウール、合繊が用いられ、レースなどでトリミングされる。ファンデーションは女性下着の特殊性を如実に示しており、現代のように人体そのものの美しさが追求される時代には、自然のボディラインを整えるためのものとして、ストレッチ性素材を駆使し、ソフトな胸やヒップの形を保つものがつくられる。しかし、人体とかけ離れた造形的衣服のシルエットが追求された過去の時代には、人体を擬装する道具であった。とくにルネサンスから19世紀にかけての女性服の流行は、創造的シルエットの変遷であったから、その構築的シルエットを支えるために、外衣以上にくふうを凝らしたさまざまな下着を必要としたのである。 したがって、これら広範な下着類のすべてを含んでの歴史的経過を記述することはむずかしい。重要なことは、下着は外側の衣服、つまり表着のシルエットと絶えず密接なかかわりあいをもちながら変化してきたという点である。古代には、下着は表着と明確な差をもっていなかった。特権的色合いを強くもつ古代エジプトの衣服のなかで、重ね着をした2枚のチュニックの内側のものを下着の起源とみることもできる。女性に固有な下着としては、古代クレタのコルセットとクリノリンの原型にその起源をみることもできる。 中世に入ると北方民族の影響を受けて重ね着がおこり、緩やかな麻製の下着が用いられるようになる。これはシャツ(シュミーズ)の原型となり、こののち、ワイシャツ、ナイトシャツ、スリップなどが生み出されていく。ルネサンス時代になり、衣服はより精巧なものへと発展していった。このころ、下着の装身性は増し、シャツがスリットやスラッシュを通して表に現れ、襟元や袖口(そでぐち)から装飾的な襟やカフスをのぞかせた。女子服では、創造的外形を支えるためにコルセットとファージンゲールfarthingaleというフープhoopが重要な役割を果たすようになる。この2種類の下着こそ、形や名称の違いがあるにせよ、その後19世紀末まで、女性服のシルエットを支える下着として、きわめて重要な役割を果たしたものである。20世紀初期、コルセットが短くなり、腰部のみを覆うものとなったとき、胸を支える必要性からブラジャーが誕生した。さらに1920年代以降、スカート丈の短縮化に伴い、ようやくショーツが一般的に女性の必需品として定着し、ほぼ現在の様式が確立された。第二次世界大戦後は、化学繊維、とくにストレッチ性のある素材の開発により、次々と機能的な下着が生み出された。日本で洋装下着が着用されるのは、洋装化に伴う20年代であるが、一般的になるのは第二次世界大戦後である。 一方男子服では、中世には外衣であったブレーbraies(ズボン)が、11世紀ごろから衣服の下に隠されて下着となる。ルネサンス期からはホーズhose(タイツ状靴下)も不可欠のものとなった。18世紀に入ってコート形の衣服を採用するようになると、胸元からのぞくシャツ(ワイシャツ)はさらに重要となり、基本的には現在まで持続されている。 このように、下着と外衣との区分は時代によって変化する。男性用ワイシャツは歴史的定義づけによれば下着であり、下着であったTシャツは現在では外衣として受け止められている。1990年代末にはランジェリーそのままのような、キャミソール・ルックが流行した。今後も、新しい素材の開発、性モラルの変化、環境の変化などにより、下着の範囲はさまざまに変遷していくであろう。 [深井晃子] 和服の下着下着は、(1)襲(かさね)の下着、(2)肌に直接着用する肌着、(3)上着と肌着との間に着る間着(あいぎ)などである。和服の場合、下着といえば襲(2枚、3枚)の襲下着をさしていうが、肌着類とはっきり区別のつかない点がある。 (1)襲下着 武家や富裕な町人などの羽二重(はぶたえ)紋付の下着の場合は鼠無垢(ねずみむく)、浅葱(あさぎ)無垢を用いる。無垢とは表裏同質同色のもののことをいう。羽二重の無地染めや熨斗目(のしめ)の下着は白羽二重、または小紋染めの下着を用いる。庶民の男子は白下着の着用は禁止されていた。御殿女中は礼服から褻服(けふく)(普段着)まで、白絹の下着を着用する。庶民の間でも、無地紋付の礼服には白下着を用いる。京坂の女子は白綸子(しろりんず)を用いるものもあった。晴れ着には小紋無垢の下着を主として用いる。江戸・京坂とも女子は、上着が白ならば下着も白であるが、小紋や縞(しま)の下着には、周りと中とを異なった布地、色、柄を用いることが多い。これを額(がく)仕立て(胴抜き仕立て)といい、下着を華美にする目的と、裂地(きれじ)を継ぎ合わせて用いる節約の目的との2種がある。額仕立てのとき男子用では周りと中の2色である。女子用では2色が望ましいとするが、3色以上用いる場合もある。下着を2枚重ねる場合、下に着るほうを額仕立てにする。着用法は初冬と春の中ごろには、1枚の下着を上着とあわせて2枚を一つ衿(えり)に着る。冬期には、下着2枚を上着とあわせて、3枚を一つ衿に着る。この着方は明治から大正初期のころまで用いられた。大正後期以後は二枚重ね一つ衿が多く用いられるようになり、続いて胴を袷(あわせ)仕立てとし、袖口、振り、衿、裾(すそ)回りを二枚重ねに仕立てた本比翼へと簡略化された。第二次世界大戦後はさらに、上着は完全な袷に仕立て、袖口、振り、衿、裾回りを別に仕立て、その周囲を上着に絎(く)け付ける付け比翼へと移行し、黒留袖五つ紋付も付け比翼に仕立てられている。 大正末期から訪問着が流行し、重ねは黒紋付以外は廃れた。喪服も、第二次世界大戦前は黒五つ紋付白衿の二枚重ねを一つ衿に着用していたが、戦後は二枚重ねを着用しなくなった。近年、訪問着や盛装に衿元を二枚重ねのように見せかける重ね衿(伊達(だて)衿)へと派生し、平安時代の襲の色目を思わせるように、長着との配色に心を配り着装するようになった。なお婚礼衣装としての打掛の下に着る掛下は、二枚重ねで上を間着といい、下を下着という。 (2)肌に直接着用する肌着 男子は肌襦袢(じゅばん)、褌(ふんどし)、すててこなどである。明治時代の西洋文化移入により、シャツを着用するようになってから、和服の普段着には、肌襦袢を略して、シャツを肌着として用いるようになった。肌に直接には綿クレープのシャツまたは綿メリヤスのシャツを着てから、防寒用にはラクダの毛のシャツをこれに重ね、その上に半襦袢とすててこを着て着物を着るようになった。女子は肌襦袢、二布(ふたの)(脚布)または腰巻である。二布、腰巻は下半身に巻いて着るものである。これは湯具に用いられた湯文字(ゆもじ)の発展したものである。古くは女子は長襦袢を用いておらず、肌襦袢に湯文字を着け、その上に着物を着た。この湯文字、二布、脚布に緋(ひ)や浅葱の縮緬(ちりめん)などを用い、長めにして着衣したため、歩くとき裾からこぼれるようにこれが見えた。蹴出(けだ)したときに見えるところから、これを蹴出しといった。長襦袢を着衣するようになると蹴出しは見えなくなり、見えるのははでな模様の長襦袢の裾である。江戸末期、長襦袢を着ないで半襦袢に長襦袢と同じ感じを出すために、腰巻の上に長襦袢の下半身と同様のものを着衣するようになり、これをまた蹴出しといった。そして半襦袢の袖と蹴出しを共布でつくるようになり、蹴出しは裾除(すそよ)けともいわれた。腰巻、裾除け、蹴出しのいずれにも、上端に白の木綿の横布を縫い付け、初めは端を挟み込んで着衣したが、のちに紐(ひも)をつけるようになった。今日では、従来の蹴出しという用語は使われなくなり、裾除けの語が用いられている。裾除けの布地は滑りがよく、歩行するとき足さばきのしやすい、静電気のおこらないものがよい。キュプラ、レーヨン、綿などが適当である。今日、西洋の衣服の下着の下穿(したば)きが和服にも用いられるようになり、これに改良を加えて和服向きの下穿きが考案され、着脱の不便がなくなっている。また和服用胸パット、コルセットも市販されるようになった。 (3)上着と肌着との間に着る間着 間着には防寒用として胴着が用いられていたが、近年はこれにかわるものができている。下半身用には毛糸で輪に編んだスカート風の赤、ラクダ色のみやこ腰巻が用いられている。なお、これに類似しているものも市販されている。 [藤本やす] 『喜田川守貞著『近世風俗志』(1928・文潮書院)』▽『セシル・サンローラン著、深井晃子訳『女性下着の歴史』(1989・エディション・ワコール)』▽『C. Willett and PhillisHistory of Underclothes(1951, Michael Joseph, New York)』▽『Elizabeth EwingDress and Undress(1978, Batsford Ltd., London)』 [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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