Radial velocity - Shisen sokudo

Japanese: 視線速度 - しせんそくど
Radial velocity - Shisen sokudo

The line from an observer to a celestial object is called the line of sight. A celestial object moves through space, and the component of its speed in the line of sight (the speed of movement) is called the radial velocity. Simply put, it is the speed at which a celestial object moves away from or toward the observer. Radial velocity is calculated using the Doppler effect of light emitted from a celestial object. When observing the spectrum of a celestial object's light, many spectral lines are seen. When a celestial object moves in the line of sight relative to the observer, the wavelength of the spectral line shifts from the wavelength when the object is stationary. This is the Doppler effect, and the shift Δ λ is proportional to the magnitude v of the radial velocity. When the object moves away, the wavelength shifts to the longer side (i.e., toward red, in which case Δ λ > 0), and when the object moves toward the observer, the wavelength shifts to the shorter side (toward purple, Δ λ < 0). From these factors, Δ λ can be measured to calculate v , which can be written as v = ( Δ λ/λ) c . Here, λ is the wavelength of the spectral line when it is stationary, and c is the speed of light. v is positive when it is moving away and negative when it is moving closer.

[Naoaki Owaki]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

観測者から天体へ結ぶ直線を視線という。天体は空間を運動しているが、その速度のうち、視線方向の成分(動きの速さ)を視線速度とよぶ。簡単にいえば、天体が観測者から遠ざかる、または観測者へ近づくときの速度である。視線速度は、天体から発する光のドップラー効果を利用して求める。天体の光のスペクトルを観測すると多くのスペクトル線が見られる。天体が観測者に対して視線方向に運動しているときは、スペクトル線の波長は静止しているときの波長からずれる。これがドップラー効果で、そのずれΔλは視線速度の大きさvに比例し、遠ざかるときは波長の長いほうへ(つまり赤いほうへ、このときΔλ>0)、近づくときは短いほうへ(紫のほうへ、Δλ<0)ずれる。これらのことからΔλを測ってvを求めるのであるが、式で書くとv=(Δλ/λ)c。ここでλはそのスペクトル線の静止時の波長、cは光速度。vは遠ざかるときをプラス、近づくときをマイナスとする。

[大脇直明]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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