Settlement - Kessan

Japanese: 決算 - けっさん
Settlement - Kessan

There is financial settlement, or settlement of accounts, and corporate accounting settlement, or closing the books.

Financial Settlement

It is the final step in the budget process and represents the actual revenues and expenditures for a completed fiscal year in definitive figures.

The national financial statements are prepared by the Minister of Finance (formerly the Ministry of Finance), but once the budget execution is completed, the heads of each ministry and agency first prepare revenue and expenditure statements for the area under their jurisdiction and send them to the Minister of Finance by July 31st. The Minister of Finance must prepare a revenue statement based on the revenue statements sent by each ministry and agency, with the same classification as the revenue budget statement, and then prepare a revenue and expenditure statement based on this revenue statement and expenditure statement. The revenue and expenditure statement must be prepared with the same classification as the revenue and expenditure budget, and the following items must be clarified for each revenue and expenditure. Specifically, for revenues, they are (1) the revenue budget, (2) the amount decided to be collected, (3) the amount of revenue already collected, (4) the amount of unpaid deficit, and (5) the amount of revenue yet to be collected. For expenditures, they are (1) the expenditure budget, (2) the amount carried over from the previous year, (3) the amount used from the reserve fund, (4) the increase or decrease due to diversion, etc., (5) the amount of expenditure already spent, (6) the amount carried over from the next year, and (7) the amount unused (Financial Law, Articles 37 and 38).

The Cabinet will send the revenue and expenditure settlement statement, along with a detailed revenue settlement statement and the expenditure settlement reports of each ministry and agency, to the Board of Audit by November 30th for inspection and confirmation, and then submit it to the Diet together with the audit report at the ordinary session that opens in the following fiscal year (Article 90, paragraph 1 of the Constitution, Articles 39 and 40 of the Financial Law).

While the government was subject to prior supervision by the Diet through the budget, the final accounts will be subject to ex post facto supervision. Ex post facto supervision means that the government will be forced to reflect on whether any illegal or improper expenditures have been made, and future budget compilations will also be subject to supervision based on that reflection. Because budgets are forecasts and final accounts are actual results, it cannot be expected that the two will match perfectly, but through inspections and deliberations to see whether any illegal or improper expenditures have been made, it is effective in holding the government accountable politically, even if it cannot invalidate such expenditures. However, in terms of the effect of the Diet's control and supervision of the government, it can be said that the final accounts are significantly inferior to the budget.

Unlike the case of the budget, the House of Representatives does not have the right of first deliberation when it comes to deliberations on the settlement of accounts in the Diet. Instead, the two Houses deliberate on the settlement of accounts separately, and each House is free to make its own judgment, so there is no need for the two Houses to reach a unified opinion. In addition, as has been the case up until now, the Cabinet has submitted the settlement as a mere report, and each House has decided its own opinion on it.

After the financial statements have been deliberated by the Diet, they are to be reported to the public in print or by other appropriate means (Article 46 of the Financial Law).

The financial statements of local governments must be prepared by the accountant within three months of the close of the accounting period and submitted to the head of the local government together with the certificates and other documents specified by government ordinance. The head of the local government must then have them examined by the audit commissioner, attach his opinion, and submit them to the assembly for approval by the time of the next regular budget meeting (Local Autonomy Law, Article 233).

[Masatoshi Hayashi]

Corporate accounting settlement

Modern corporate accounting is based on the premise of a going concern. Therefore, in order for external stakeholders (shareholders, creditors, etc.) to know the financial condition and business performance (performance) of the company they are involved with, they must close the accounting books at an artificially fixed period (generally called an accounting period) and have the accounting figures compiled. Even internal company managers can learn the actual situation on an ongoing basis, but they are interested in full-scale accounting information for a period prepared by accounting professionals when conducting business operations. Due to these demands, corporate accounting implements procedures to close the relevant accounting books in order to properly prepare accounting information for a certain period. This series of actions is called settlement of accounts.

Although the purpose of the settlement is to utilize accounting information internally, the system is to require companies to fulfill their responsibility (called accountability) for timely and appropriate accounting reports to external stakeholders. In the Commercial Code, Article 19 of Part 1 General Provisions, Chapter 5 Commercial Books states that "A merchant must prepare accurate commercial books in a timely manner for the assets used in his business." The Companies Act has a similar provision in Part 2 Joint Stock Companies, Chapter 5 Accounting, Section 2 Accounting Books, etc. In addition, the Financial Instruments and Exchange Act prescribes the disclosure of financial statements based on the settlement when notifying the public offering or sale of securities, and when disclosing corporate information periodically thereafter. Generally, such disclosure by companies listed on the securities market is centered on annual financial statements, but half-yearly (interim) settlements were introduced in the 1990s, and quarterly settlements were introduced in 2004, and companies must now prepare so-called settlements every three months.

In corporate accounting, the practice of closing the accounting books is carried out following a procedure that follows the double-entry bookkeeping system.

(1) Preliminary settlement procedures: Discovery and correction of errors through preparation of trial balance, preparation of inventory list by investigating actual amount
(2) Final settlement procedures: Preparation of a settlement sheet to grasp the overall details of the settlement, determination and recording of items for adjustment of the settlement, preparation and recording of profit and loss accounts and balance accounts, closing of various accounts and subsidiary ledgers in ledgers, etc.
(3) Preparation of financial statements Preparation of financial statements based on the results of the main settlement procedures As a result of the promotion of the internationalization of corporate accounting, since around 2000, listed companies have been required to disclose their financial statements in detail and promptly based on fair and reasonable accounting standards and practices. Financial statements published under the Companies Act and securities reports (including financial statements summary reports) under the Financial Instruments and Exchange Act have become important systems in the economy and society.

[Tokai Mikio]

[Reference] | Accounting manager | Board of Audit | Accounting books | Corporate accounting | Finance | Financial statements | Commercial books | Local government | Budget

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

財政上の決算settlement of accountsと、企業会計上の決算closing the booksとがある。

財政上の決算

予算過程の最後の段階であり、執行の完了した一会計年度の収入と支出の実績を確定的計数の形で表示する行為である。

 国の決算は財務(旧大蔵)大臣によって作成されるが、予算の執行が完結すると、まず各省庁の長がその所掌にかかる歳入決算報告書および歳出決算報告書を作成し、7月31日までに財務大臣に送付する。財務大臣は各省庁から送付された歳入決算報告書に基づいて、歳入予算明細書と同一の区分により、歳入決算明細書を作成し、さらにこの歳入決算明細書および歳出決算報告書に基づいて、歳入歳出の決算を作成しなければならない。歳入歳出の決算は、歳入歳出予算と同一の区分により作成し、歳入および歳出のおのおのについて、次の事柄を明らかにすることが必要である。すなわち、歳入については、(1)歳入予算額、(2)徴収決定済額、(3)収納済歳入額、(4)不納欠損額、(5)収納未済歳入額であり、歳出については、(1)歳出予算額、(2)前年度繰越額、(3)予備費使用額、(4)流用等増減額、(5)支出済歳出額、(6)翌年度繰越額、(7)不用額、である(財政法37条・38条)。

 内閣は、歳入歳出決算に、歳入決算明細書、各省庁の歳出決算報告書などを添付して、11月30日までに会計検査院に送付して検査確認を受け、その検査報告とともに翌年度開会の常会において国会に提出する(憲法90条1項、財政法39条・40条)。

 政府は予算によって国会から事前の監督を受けたが、決算によって事後的監督を受けることになる。事後的監督というのは、違法または不当な支出がなされたかどうかについて政府に反省をさせるとともに、将来の予算の編成についてもその反省に基づいた監視を受けさせることを意味する。予算は予測であり決算は実績であるから、両者が完全に一致することは期待できないが、違法または不当な支出が行われていないかどうかの検査や審議を通じて、そのような支出を無効とまですることはできないまでも政治的には政府の責任を追及するという効果はある。しかし、国会による政府の統制、監督という効果においては、予算と比べると大幅に劣るといえる。

 国会における決算の審議は、予算の場合とは異なり衆議院に先議権があるわけでなく、両院別個に行われ、各院は独自の判断をすることができるのであり、両院の意見を統一する必要はない。また従来からの慣行として、内閣から単なる報告案件として提出し、各議院で個別に意見を決定するにとどまっている。

 決算は、国会の審議を経たのち、印刷物その他適当な方法で国民に報告されることになっている(財政法46条)。

 地方公共団体の決算は、会計管理者が出納の閉鎖後3か月以内に調製し、証書類その他政令で定める書類とともに地方公共団体の長に提出しなければならない。地方公共団体の長は、これを監査委員の審査に付し、その意見をつけて、次の通常予算を議する会議までに議会の認定に付さなければならない(地方自治法233条)。

[林 正寿]

企業会計上の決算

近代の企業会計は、ゴーイング・コンサーン(継続企業)を前提として会計に係る整理を実施する。したがって、企業外部の利害関係者(株主、債権者等)は、自身の関係する企業の財政状態や経営成績(業績)を知るためには、人為的にくぎった期間(一般に会計期間という)で会計帳簿を締め切り会計数値をとりまとめてもらわなければならない。企業内部の経営者にしても、逐次実情を知りうるとはいえ、会計の専門職の手による本格的な期間会計情報に関心をもって経営行動をするものである。企業会計では、以上のような要請から、一定期間の会計情報を適正に作成するために、関連する会計帳簿を締め切る手続を実施する。このような一連の行為を決算という。

 決算は、企業内部で会計情報を活用するためのものでもあるが、制度的には、外部の利害関係者に対して適時適切に会計報告の責任(アカウンタビリティという)を果たすことを企業に求めるために実施される。商法では、第1編総則、第5章商業帳簿の第19条において、「商人は、その営業のために使用する財産について、(中略)適時に、正確な商業帳簿を作成しなければならない。」としている。会社法では、第2編株式会社、第5章計算等の第2節会計帳簿等で同様の規定を設けている。また、金融商品取引法においては、有価証券の募集・売出しの届出のとき、およびその後定期的に企業内容を開示するとき、決算に基づく財務諸表の開示を規定している。証券市場に上場する企業のこのような開示は、一般的には、1年に1回の本決算の財務諸表が中心となるが、1990年代には半期(中間)決算が、さらに2004年(平成16)には四半期決算が導入され、企業は、3か月に1回、いわゆる決算を実施しなければならなくなっている。

 会計帳簿を締め切るという意味をもつ決算の実務は、企業会計においては次のような複式簿記の機構に沿った手順によって実施される。

(1)決算予備手続 試算表の作成による誤謬(ごびゅう)の発見と訂正、実際有高の調査による棚卸表の作成
(2)決算本手続 精算表の作成による決算内容の概括的把握、決算整理事項の確定と記帳、損益勘定や残高勘定の作成・記帳、元帳等における諸勘定および補助簿等の締切り
(3)財務諸表の作成 決算本手続の結果を受けての財務諸表の作成
 企業会計の国際化の促進の結果、上場会社の決算は、2000年前後から、公正妥当な会計基準および会計慣行に基づいて詳細でスピーディーな開示(ディスクロージャー)を求められており、会社法に基づく決算公告や金融商品取引法に基づく有価証券報告書(決算短信を含む)は、経済社会において重要な制度として定着している。

[東海幹夫]

[参照項目] | 会計管理者 | 会計検査院 | 会計帳簿 | 企業会計 | 財政 | 財務諸表 | 商業帳簿 | 地方公共団体 | 予算

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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