It is part of the visual pathway that transmits visual information to the brain, and refers to a fairly thick, cylindrical (4-7 mm in diameter) bundle of nerve fibers that runs from the optic disc to the optic chiasm, also known as the optic fascicle. Although it is counted as one of the cranial nerves, the optic nerve is not a peripheral nerve of the brain, but is considered to be a bulge of the brain from an embryological, histological and functional standpoint. The sense of color and light is received as light stimuli by the photoreceptors of the retina, which then undergo three neuronal changes, sending the electromagnetic waves to the visual area (striate area) at the posterior pole of the brain. That is, nearly 100 million photoreceptors (first neurons) pass through bipolar cells (second neurons) and are aggregated into about 1 million ganglion cells (third neurons), and the nerve fibers that emerge from these gather at the optic disc at the rear of the eyeball. From here, they penetrate the sclera cribrosa, are wrapped in the optic nerve sheath, which is made up of three layers of meninges, run posteriorly inside the orbit, and enter the skull through the optic canal. The optic nerve is made up of about 1 million nerve fibers on each side, which join at an angle of 60 to 80 degrees at the optic chiasm, then split again into left and right, called the optic tract, enter the lateral geniculate body, and are transmitted to the next fourth neuron. The length from the optic disc to the lateral geniculate body is about 70 mm, and acts as an electric wire, of which the optic nerve is 35-55 mm long, with individual differences. In the optic nerve, nerve fibers originating from the temporal, macular, and nasal sides of the retina each run posteriorly in an orderly fashion in specific parts, forming bundles, and when they enter the skull and reach the optic chiasm, only the nasal fibers cross over and merge with the optic nerves on the opposite sides (about half crossing), and reach the junction of the lateral geniculate body as an optic tract together with the fibers originating from the temporal sides of the retina. Part of the optic nerve contains afferent pathways involved in reflex movements related to vision, such as the pupillary reflex and accommodation, and these nerve fibers proceed further than the lateral geniculate body to the superior colliculus. The optic nerve is surrounded by glial cells and connective tissue, and is nourished by a rich network of blood vessels originating from the ophthalmic artery, so it is susceptible to damage from blood flow disorders, infection, poisoning, compression, and so on, in other words, meningitis and brain tumors. It is also surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid in the subarachnoid space by the optic nerve sheath, so it is also susceptible to damage from changes in cerebrospinal fluid. The nerve fibers in the optic nerve maintain an orderly course even in the brain, so if there is some kind of damage along the way in the brain or optic nerve, the papilla findings and changes in visual acuity and visual field can be effective means of diagnosing the location, cause, and severity of the damage. [Yoshio Imachi] [Reference] | | | |©Shogakukan "> Eye structure Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
視覚情報を脳に伝える視覚路の一部で、視神経乳頭部から視神経交叉(こうさ)(視交叉)部までのかなり太い円柱状(径4~7ミリメートル)の神経線維の束をさし、視束ともよばれる。脳神経の一つに数えられるが、視神経は脳の末梢(まっしょう)神経ではなく、発生学的、組織学的あるいは機能的にも脳の膨出部とみられている。 色彩と明暗の感覚は、網膜の刺激受容器である視細胞が光刺激として受け取り、神経の機能単位であるニューロンを三度かえて脳後極の視覚領(線条野)まで電磁波として送られる。すなわち、1億個に近い視細胞(第1ニューロン)は双極細胞(第2ニューロン)を経て神経節細胞(第3ニューロン)約100万に集約され、これから出た神経線維は眼球後端の視神経乳頭部に集まる。ここから強膜篩状板(しじょうばん)を貫き、髄膜3層からなる視神経鞘(しょう)に包まれて眼窩(がんか)内を後走し、視神経管を通って頭蓋(とうがい)内に入る。この視神経は左右それぞれ約100万本の神経線維よりなり、視交叉部で60~80度の角度で合流したのち、ふたたび左右に分かれて視索とよばれ、外側膝状体(しつじょうたい)に入って次の第4ニューロンに伝達される。視神経乳頭から外膝側状体までの長さは約70ミリメートルで、電線の役をしているが、そのうち視神経の長さは35~55ミリメートルで、個体差がある。また、視神経内では網膜の耳側、黄斑部(おうはんぶ)、鼻側より発した神経線維がそれぞれ整然と特定の部分を束状になって後走し、頭蓋内に入って視交叉部に達すると、鼻側線維だけが左右互いに反対側の視神経のほうへ交叉合流(約半分交叉)し、それぞれ網膜耳側より発した線維とともに視索として外側膝状体接合部に達する。視神経の一部には、視覚に関係のある反射運動、すなわち瞳孔(どうこう)反射や調節機能などに関与する求心性伝導路が含まれ、この神経線維は外側膝状体よりさらに進んで上丘に達している。 視神経は神経膠細胞(こうさいぼう)や結合組織に包まれ、眼動脈由来の豊富な血管網によって栄養補給を受けており、血流障害、感染、中毒、圧迫など、つまり髄膜炎や脳腫瘍(のうしゅよう)などによって障害を受けやすく、また視神経鞘でくも膜下腔(くう)の髄液に包囲されているので、髄液変化によっても障害されやすい。なお、視神経内の神経線維は整然とした走行を脳内でも維持されており、もし脳や視神経の途中でなんらかの障害があれば、逆に乳頭所見や視力・視野の変化などによって障害の位置、原因、強さなどを診断する有力な手段となりうる。 [井街 譲] [参照項目] | | | |©Shogakukan"> 目の構造 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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