Magnetic bubble (memory)

Japanese: 磁気バブル - じきばぶる(英語表記)magnetic bubble (memory)
Magnetic bubble (memory)

This refers to cylindrical magnetic domains with opposite polarity within a magnetic thin film that is magnetized in the plane direction. When viewed under a polarizing microscope, they look like bubbles, and like bubbles in water, they are able to appear, move, and disappear freely due to an external magnetic field, hence the name. Magnetic bubble memory is sometimes simply called magnetic bubble memory, as the memory element is composed of the presence or absence of a magnetic bubble corresponding to information "1" or "0".

It was French-born physicist Pierre-Ernst Weiss (1865-1940) who first recognized the existence of molecular magnets, or magnetic domains, in magnetic materials in 1907. Later, with the advancement of quantum mechanics, the properties of magnetic domains gradually became clearer, but it was not until 1967, with the invention of Andrew H. Bobeck at Bell Labs in the United States, that these magnetic domains began to be actively used as magnetic bubbles in memory elements.

In magnetic bubble devices, a single-crystal thin film of rare earth garnet is epitaxially grown on a non-magnetic garnet ( GGG : Gd3Ga5O12 ). Magnetic bubbles are generated by applying a magnetic field perpendicular to the film to align the magnetization of the magnetic domains in one direction, and then applying a small magnetic field in the opposite direction. This creates micron-sized bubbles that can be used to write information.

In magnetic bubble memory devices, magnetic bubbles are transferred to loops in the memory by an external rotating magnetic field, which sends signals one after another to the loops in the transfer path. The transfer path is a pattern made of permalloy, an alloy with high magnetic permeability, on a film, and the bubbles are designed to move along the pattern while being attracted to the permalloy magnetic field. With one revolution of the rotating magnetic field, the magnetic bubbles are transferred from one pattern to another.

Unlike semiconductor memory elements, magnetic bubble elements are non-volatile, and the stored contents are not destroyed even when the power is turned off. They are small, lightweight, and highly environmentally resistant, but their memory capacity is small, at around megabits, and their read/write times are several milliseconds, which are much longer than those of semiconductor elements.

Magnetic bubble devices are used in memory devices such as numerically controlled (NC) machine tools, robots, electronic switching systems, and POS terminals, which require high reliability and environmental resistance.

[Michinori Iwata]

"Magnetic Bubble" edited by Yoshifumi Sakurai (1982, Ohmsha)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

面方向に磁化されている磁性薄膜内にある、逆方向の極性をもった円筒状の磁区をいう。偏光顕微鏡で見ると泡状に見え、水中の泡のように外部磁界によって自由に発生、運動、消滅ができることから、この名がある。磁気バブルの有無を情報の「1」「0」に対応させて記憶素子が構成されていることから、磁気バブルメモリーを単に磁気バブルとよぶこともある。

 磁性体の中に分子磁石、つまり磁区の発生を認めたのは、フランス生まれの物理学者ワイスPierre-Ernst Weiss(1865―1940)で1907年のことである。のち、量子力学の進歩で磁区の性質はだんだん明らかにされるが、この磁区が磁気バブルとして記憶素子に積極的に利用されるようになったのは1967年、アメリカのベル研究所のボベックAndrew H. Bobeckの発明からである。

 磁気バブル素子では、希土類ガーネットの単結晶薄膜を非磁性ガーネット(GGG : Gd3 Ga5 O12)上にエピタキシャル成長によってつくる。磁気バブルは、膜に垂直な磁界を加えて磁区の磁化を一方向にそろえたのち、逆方向に微小磁界を加えて発生させる。これによりミクロン径のバブルが情報として書き込まれる。

 磁気バブル記憶素子では、磁気バブルを外部の回転磁界によってメモリ内の転送路でつくったループに、次々と信号を送り記憶させる。転送路は膜上に透磁率の高い合金のパーマロイでつくったパターンで、バブルはパーマロイの磁界に引き寄せながらパターンに沿って動くようにつくられている。回転磁界の1回転に応じて、磁気バブルは一つのパターンから他のパターンに転送される。

 磁気バブル素子は、半導体による記憶素子と違って、電源を切っても記憶内容は破壊されず(不揮発性)、小型、軽量で、耐環境性に優れているが、記憶容量はメガビット程度と少なく、読み書き時間は数ミリ秒と半導体素子よりはるかに長い。

 磁気バブル素子は、とくに信頼性、耐環境性が要求される数値制御(NC)工作機械、ロボット、電子交換機、POS(ポス)ターミナルなどの記憶装置に用いられている。

[岩田倫典]

『桜井良文編『磁気バブル』(1982・オーム社)』

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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