Sialic acid - Shialsan

Japanese: シアル酸 - しあるさん
Sialic acid - Shialsan

A type of monosaccharide, it has a complex structure with a carboxyl group, a keto group (carbonyl group), and an acetamide group in one molecule. A representative example is N-acetylneuraminic acid, which is thought to be an aldol condensation product of pyruvic acid and N-acetylmannosamine. The presence of a carboxyl group is particularly important among the properties of sialic acid. Sialic acid is widely distributed at the non-reducing ends of glycoproteins and glycolipids (gangliosides), giving them acidic properties. In addition, a significant portion of the negative charge on the cell surface is due to sialic acid.

Sialic acid is associated with several physiological phenomena, one example being influenza virus infection. Influenza viruses recognize glycans (polymerized sugars) that terminate in sialic acid on the cell membrane, adsorb to the cell, and are received. When the virus multiplies within the cell, it uses its own enzyme (neuraminidase) to cleave the sialic acid and exit the cell. It is thought that the virus then invades another uninfected cell, multiplies and is released repeatedly, spreading the infection.

The mucus secreted by the submandibular gland (a type of salivary gland) is made up of glycoproteins with a particularly high content of sialic acid. In fact, research on sialic acid began in 1936 when Gunnar Blix (1884-1980) isolated this substance from the submandibular gland of a cow.

[Takashi Muramatsu]

"Glycobiology Series 4: Glycogenes and Their World," edited by Hakomori Senichiro, Nagai Katsutaka, and Kowata Akira (1994, Kodansha)""New Medical Science: The Cutting Edge of Glycoscience Research," edited by Fukuda Yutaka (1996, Yodosha)""Advances in Chemical Engineering 32: Bioengineering," edited by the Society of Chemical Engineers (1998, Maki Shoten)""Biotechnology Series 2: Enzyme Technology," by Ueshima Takayuki (1999, Saiwai Shobo)""The Chemistry of Complex Carbohydrates," supervised by Ogura Haruo (2000, CMC)""The New Century of Bioscience Series 4: The Biology of Sugars and Lipids," edited by Kawazaki Toshisuke, Inoue Keizo, and the Japanese Biochemical Society (2001, Kyoritsu Shuppan)"

[References] | acetamide | aldol | influenza | submandibular gland | carbonyl | ganglioside | enzyme | polymerization | monosaccharide | glycolipid | glycoprotein | neuraminidase | pyruvic acid

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

単糖の一種で、1分子中にカルボキシ基(カルボキシル基)、ケト基(カルボニル基)、アセトアミド基をもつ複雑な構造をしている。代表例はN-アセチルノイラミン酸で、これはピルビン酸とN-アセチルマンノサミンのアルドール縮合体と考えられる。シアル酸の性質のうちでとくに重要なことは、カルボキシ基の存在である。シアル酸は糖タンパク質、糖脂質(ガングリオシド)の非還元末端に幅広く分布し、これらに酸性の性質を与えている。また細胞表面の陰電荷のかなりの部分はシアル酸に起因している。

 シアル酸はいくつかの生理現象と関連するが、インフルエンザウイルスの感染との関係はその一例である。インフルエンザウイルスは、細胞膜のシアル酸を末端とする糖鎖(糖が重合した物質)を認識して細胞に吸着し、受容される。ウイルスは、この細胞内で増殖すると、自らのもつ酵素(ノイラミニダーゼ)の働きによってシアル酸を切り離し、細胞外に出ていく。その後、また別の未感染の細胞に侵入し、増殖、遊離を繰り返し、感染が拡大すると考えられる。

 なお、顎下腺(がくかせん)(唾液(だえき)腺の一つ)の分泌する粘液は、とくにシアル酸含量の高い糖タンパク質からなる。実際、シアル酸の研究は、1936年ブリックスGunnar Blix(1884―1980)がウシの顎下腺からこの物質を単離したことに始まる。

[村松 喬]

『箱守仙一郎・永井克孝・木幡陽編『グリコバイオロジーシリーズ4 グリコジーンとその世界』(1994・講談社)』『福田穣編『Newメディカルサイエンス 糖鎖研究の最先端』(1996・羊土社)』『化学工学会編『化学工学の進歩32 生体工学』(1998・槇書店)』『上島孝之著『バイオテクノロジーシリーズ2 酵素テクノロジー』(1999・幸書房)』『小倉治夫監修『複合糖質の化学』(2000・シーエムシー)』『川嵜敏祐・井上圭三・日本生化学会編『シリーズ・バイオサイエンスの新世紀4 糖と脂質の生物学』(2001・共立出版)』

[参照項目] | アセトアミド | アルドール | インフルエンザ | 顎下腺 | カルボニル | ガングリオシド | 酵素 | 重合 | 単糖 | 糖脂質 | 糖タンパク質 | ノイラミニダーゼ | ピルビン酸

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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