Sakhalin

Japanese: サハリン

A long, narrow Russian island facing the Sea of Okhotsk to the east, separated from Hokkaido by the Soya (La Perouse) Strait and Siberia by the Tatar (Mamiya) Strait. Its former Japanese name was Karafuto. Two mountain ranges run parallel to each other on the east and west coasts, with the Timi and Poronai (Horonai) rivers flowing between them. The highest point is 1,609m. It is in the cool temperate zone, and most of it is covered by taiga. The timber and paper industries and fishing are important, and livestock farming and vegetable cultivation are practiced in some areas. Coal is produced in the west, and oil and natural gas in the northeast. There are Neolithic ruins in various places, and the Uilta (Orokko) and Nivhi (Gilyak) peoples are said to have lived in the north. In terms of relations with Japan, the Matsumae Domain managed the island during the Edo period, and at the end of the 18th century, a fishing ground was established at the southern tip of the island, and the Ainu people who were employed as laborers were forced into economic subordination. In 1807, it was under direct control of the shogunate. During this time, Russian and Dutch explorers mistook it for part of Hokkaido. Mamiya Rinzo confirmed that it was an island. In 1855, the Treaty of Peace and Amity between Japan and Russia made it a shared territory of both countries, and in 1870, under the Meiji government, the Sakhalin Colonization Commission was established. In 1875, the Treaty of Exchange of Sakhalin for the Kuril Islands made it Russian territory. After the Russo-Japanese War, the Treaty of Portsmouth made the area south of 50° north latitude Japanese territory, and Japan established the Sakhalin Administration. It later acquired various rights in North Sakhalin, and established the North Sakhalin Oil Company and the North Sakhalin Mining Company. The number of Japanese immigrants exceeded 400,000 at the end of 1941, and by 1945, the number of conscripted workers from Korea had reached 40,000. After World War II, it became part of the Soviet Union and the Sakhalin Oblast of the Russian Federation, with its capital Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk (former Japanese name: Toyohara). [Oil and gas fields off the coast of Sakhalin] A plan for Japan and Russia to jointly develop the crude oil and natural gas reserves on the continental shelf of northeastern Sakhalin was signed in 1975 during the Soviet era, but of the many projects, Sakhalin 1 was undertaken by Japan, the US and Europe, while Sakhalin 2 was initiated by the US with participation from Japan, the UK and the Netherlands, and some of the projects began production in 1999. However, the Russian government decided in 2006 to revoke the development approval for Sakhalin 2, and the future outlook is unclear. The area contains over 1 billion tons of oil and 3.6 trillion ^m3 of natural gas. 76,400 ^km2 . 547,000 people (2002).
→ Related topics Gazprom [company] | Soya Strait | Cape Soya | Tatar Strait | Kuril Islands | Travelogue of Eastern Tartary Islands | Northern Territories Issue | Kholmsk | Poronaysk | Takeshiro Matsuura | Tokunai Mogami

Source : Heibonsha Encyclopedia About MyPedia Information

Japanese:

宗谷（ラ・ペルーズ）海峡を隔てて北海道と，タタール（間宮）海峡を隔ててシベリアに対し，東はオホーツク海に面する南北に細長いロシア領の島。旧日本名は樺太(からふと)。東岸と西岸を二つの山脈が並行して走り，その間をティミ川，ポロナイ（幌内）川が流れる。最高点1609m。冷温帯に属し，大部分はタイガにおおわれる。木材・製紙工業，漁業が重要で，一部で牧畜，野菜栽培が行われる。西部で石炭，北東部で石油，天然ガスを産する。　新石器時代の遺跡が各地にあり，北部にウイルタ（オロッコ）族，ニブヒ（ギリヤーク）族が居住したとされる。日本との関係では，江戸時代に松前藩が経営に当たり，18世紀末には島の南端に漁場を設け，労働力として雇用されたアイヌは経済的従属を強いられた。1807年幕府直轄地。この間，ロシア人・オランダ人の探検が行われたが，北海道の一部と誤認。間宮林蔵が島であることを確認。1855年日露和親条約で両国共有地となり，明治政府のもとで1870年樺太開拓使設置。1875年樺太・千島交換条約でロシア領。日露戦争後ポーツマス条約で北緯50°以南が日本領となり，日本は樺太庁を設置し，その後北樺太における各種の利権も獲得，北樺太石油会社や北樺太鉱業会社を設立。日本人移民は1941年末に40万を超え，次いで朝鮮からの徴用労働者も1945年までに４万に及んだ。第２次大戦後ソ連領，ロシア連邦サハリン州に属し，州都ユジノ・サハリンスク（旧日本名，豊原）。［サハリン沖石油・ガス田］　サハリン北東部の大陸棚に埋蔵されている原油・天然ガスを日ロで共同開発する計画は，ソ連時代の1975年に調印されたが，多くのプロジェクトのうち，〈サハリン１〉は日米欧など，〈サハリン２〉は米国主導で始まり日英蘭などが参加し，一部は1999年から生産を開始したが，2006年ロシア政府がサハリン２の開発認可を取り消す決定を下すなど，今後の見通しは不透明である。同海域には石油10億t以上，天然ガス3.6兆m³賦存する。７万6400km²。54万7000人（2002）。
→関連項目ガスプロム［会社］｜宗谷海峡｜宗谷岬｜タタール海峡｜千島列島｜東韃紀行｜北方領土問題｜ホルムスク｜ポロナイスク｜松浦武四郎｜最上徳内

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