Sandbar - Sasu

Japanese: 砂州 - さす
Sandbar - Sasu

A sandbar is a deposit of sand and gravel formed offshore, blocking the mouth of a bay or inlet. Sandbars are usually found above sea level, but when they are below sea level they are called submarine sandbars to distinguish them from other types of sandbars. A sand spit is a long, narrow sandy beach that juts out from the land into the ocean, and when it grows to connect with the land or island on the opposite shore it is called a sandbar.

Depending on where they appear, sandbars are called submarine sandbars, bay mouth sandbars, bay center sandbars, and bay head sandbars. Submarine sandbars form in one to three rows near the surf zone offshore of smooth sandy beaches, and those formed by normal waves are coastal submarine bars near the shoreline, adjacent to coastal troughs. Submarine sandbars found far offshore are thought to have been formed by abnormally high waves. When such a submarine sandbar gradually grows parallel to the land and a long, narrow bar appears above the sea surface, it is called a coastal bar. This topography is also called a barrier. In many cases, coastal bars are formed by longshore currents, and then gradually develop. Lagoons can be found inside coastal bars, which are often connected to the open sea by one or more tidal inlets.

Sandbars are usually no higher than 2 to 3 meters above sea level, so they can be overrun by violent waves and the location of the tidal inlet often changes. However, when higher beach ridges or sand dunes develop on top of the sandbar and are fixed in place by vegetation, it becomes a more stable depositional topography. Some sandbars that have emerged due to a drop in sea level or uplift of the ground can reach heights of over 10 meters above sea level. Chesil Beach on the south coast of England is an example of this, although it is made of gravel. Yumigahama Beach on the San'in Coast of Tottori Prefecture and Amanohashidate in Miyazu Bay, Kyoto Prefecture are sandbars that are only slightly above sea level and have a small amount of emerged water.

[Yoshinori Toyoshima]

Amanohashidate
The sandbar was created over many years by sand carried by the wind and tides in Miyazu Bay. The photo shows the view from the Ejiri side, with Asoumi Sea on the right. A forest of over 7,000 black pine trees stretches out to the opposite shore in a beautiful green belt. It is part of the Tango-Amanohashidate-Oeyama Quasi-National Park and is one of the "Three Views of Japan." Nationally designated Special Place of Scenic Beauty Miyazu City, Kyoto Prefecture ©Masashi Tanaka ">

Amanohashidate


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

湾口や入り江の口を閉塞(へいそく)するようにして、沖合いに形成された砂礫(されき)の堆積(たいせき)地形。砂州は通常、海面上にみられるものをいうが、海面下にある場合、とくに海底砂州とよんで区別している。砂嘴(さし)は、陸から沖に突き出して形成される細長い砂浜をいい、これが成長して対岸の陸地や島と連結するに至ると砂州とよばれる。

 砂州は、出現する位置によって、海底砂州、湾口砂州、湾央砂州、湾奥(頭)砂州などとよばれる。砂州のうち、海底砂州は平滑な砂浜海岸の沖の砕波帯付近に1~3列形成され、そのうち、通常の波でできるものは、汀線(ていせん)付近の沿岸底州で、沿岸トラフに隣接して形成される。かなり沖合いにみられる海底砂州の場合は、異常な高波によって形成されたと考えられる。このような海底砂州がしだいに成長して陸地に並行し、細長い州が海面上に現れると沿岸州(沿岸砂州)とよばれる。この地形をバリアbarrierともよぶ。多くの場合、沿岸州は沿岸流により砂嘴が形成され、それがしだいに発達した場合が多いようである。沿岸州の内側には潟湖(せきこ)がみられ、外海とは一つ以上の潮流口によって連絡していることが多い。

 砂州の高さは、通常、海面上2~3メートル以下であるので、暴浪が越えることもあり、潮流口の位置が変化する場合も多い。しかし、砂州の上に一段高い浜堤や砂丘が発達し、植生によって固定されるようになると、より安定した堆積地形となる。また、海面の低下や地盤の隆起によって離水したものは、海面上10メートルを超すものもある。イギリス南岸のチェシルビーチは、礫(れき)質のものであるがその事例にあたる。鳥取県の山陰海岸の弓ヶ浜や京都府宮津湾の天橋立(あまのはしだて)は、海抜高度はわずかで、離水量の小さい砂州である。

[豊島吉則]

天橋立
宮津湾内の潮流と風に運搬された砂により、長い年月をかけてつくりだされた砂州。写真は江尻側からの眺望で、右側が阿蘇海。7000本余のクロマツ林が、美しい緑色の帯となって対岸まで延びる。丹後天橋立大江山国定公園の一部で、「日本三景」の一つ。国指定特別名勝 京都府宮津市©Masashi Tanaka">

天橋立


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