In traditional Chinese medicine, these are the names of the internal organs of the human body. The five organs are the liver, heart, spleen, lungs, and kidneys, and the six bowels are the gallbladder, small intestine, stomach, large intestine, bladder, and triple burner. Sometimes the pericardium is added to the five organs to make the six organs and six bowels. The organs are organs that are full inside, while the bowels are organs that are empty. In the past, they were written as five organs and six fu, and both meant storehouses. The "Su Wen" section of the "Huangdi Neijing," an ancient Chinese medical book, states, "The five organs store essence and do not drain it, and are unable to be full and full; the six offices transmit monsters and do not store them, and are unable to be full and full. This is because when water and grain are taken into the mouth, the stomach becomes full and the intestines become empty, and when food is consumed, the intestines become full and the stomach becomes empty. Therefore, it is said that the stomach is full but not full, and full but not full." This means that "the five internal organs contain essential energy, but they cannot be packed with any more than that. The six bowels are full because they conduct food and drink, but they soon conduct it to other organs and become hollow, so the organs themselves are never full. When food or drink enters the mouth, the stomach fills first, and at this time the intestines are still empty. When the food goes down, the intestines become clogged and the stomach becomes empty. Therefore, even if the bowels are clogged with food and drink, they are not filled to the brim." Comparing the five internal organs with those of modern medicine, the heart, liver, lungs, small intestine, large intestine, gallbladder, stomach, and bladder refer to the same things as in modern medicine, but the kidneys and spleen are not necessarily the same as in modern medicine. The kidneys often refer to the functions of the modern kidneys, adrenal glands, and reproductive organs. There are no characters for the reproductive organs, such as the vas deferens, seminal vesicles, or prostate. This is because these are all included in the kidneys. The spleen is thought to be a name given to the organs that secrete digestive juices, that is, the pancreas and liver, and it is appropriate to consider it to be inseparably linked to the stomach. The triple burner has a broad meaning, and in the Treatise on Cold and Sickness, the upper burner, middle burner, and lower burner are considered the triple burner, with the upper burner being above the solar plexus and including the head and hands. The middle burner is between the upper and lower burners, and is mainly the upper abdomen, while the lower burner is the area below the navel and including the legs. The triple burner is a general term for the endocrine organs in modern medicine, and there are also theories about the lymphatic system, hormones, enzymes, and coelom membranes, but in any case, it can be said that the triple burner is a general term for all of these. An organ called the triple burner is described in the "Huangdi Neijing," but if we are to relate this to the internal organs of modern anatomy, it would be most appropriate to assign it to the pancreas. [Yakazu Keido] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
漢方医学における人体の内臓器官の名称で、五臓は肝、心、脾(ひ)、肺、腎(じん)の五つ、六腑は胆(たん)、小腸、胃、大腸、膀胱(ぼうこう)、三焦(さんしょう)の六つをいう。なお、五臓に心包(しんぽう)を加え、六臓六腑とすることもある。臓は内部が充実している器官、腑は逆に空虚な器官の意である。昔は五蔵六府と書き、ともに倉庫の意であったという。古代中国の医書である『黄帝内経(こうていだいけい)』の「素問(そもん)」には、「五蔵は精気を蔵して瀉(しゃ)せず、満ちて実すること能(あた)わず、六府は化物(かぶつ)を伝えて蔵せず、実にして満つる能わざるなり。然(しか)る所以(ゆえん)のものは水穀が口に入れば胃が実して腸が虚し、食が下れば腸が実して胃が虚す。故に実して満たず、満ちて実せずという」とある。これは、「五臓は精気を内蔵しているが、それ以上に詰め込むことができない。六腑は飲食物を伝導するから充実するが、まもなく他に伝導して中空となり、臓器自体が充満しているということがない。これは、飲食物が口に入ると、まず胃がいっぱいになり、このときはまだ腸はからである。食物が下がると、腸が詰まって胃はからになる。だから腑は飲食物が詰まっても、隅々までいっぱいにならない」という意味である。 五臓六腑を現代医学の臓器と比較して考えてみると、心、肝、肺、小腸、大腸、胆、胃、膀胱は現代医学と同じものをさしているが、腎と脾はかならずしも現代のそれと同一のものではない。腎は現代の腎臓、副腎、生殖器を総括した働きを表すことが多い。生殖器に対しても輸精管や精嚢(せいのう)、前立腺(ぜんりつせん)などに該当する文字の記載がない。これらのものは一括して腎のなかに包含されているためである。脾は消化液を分泌する器官、すなわち膵臓(すいぞう)、肝臓などの機能に対して命名したものと考えられ、また、胃と不即不離の関係にあるものとするのが至当である。三焦は広範な内容をもったもので、『傷寒論(しょうかんろん)』では上焦、中焦、下焦の三つを三焦とし、上焦はみぞおちより上方で、頭、手を含めている。中焦は上焦と下焦の中間であり、主として上腹部、下焦はへその下で足を含める部位となっている。三焦については、近代医学の内分泌系臓器の総称とするほか、リンパ管系統説、ホルモン説、酵素説、体腔(たいくう)膜説などがあるが、いずれにしても、これらを総括したものが三焦であるということができる。なお、『黄帝内経』のなかに三焦という臓器が記載されているが、これを現代の解剖学上の内臓器官と関連させるならば、膵臓にあてるのがもっとも妥当であろうと思われる。 [矢数圭堂] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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