Goji Hakkyo - Goji Hakkyo

The Tendai sect's Kyoso Hanjaku (classifying, arranging and systematizing various scriptures according to the form, method and content of preaching). It is a joint term for the Goji and Hakkyo. The Goji are the five stages in the order in which all scriptures were preached by Shakyamuni (Shaka) during his lifetime, and refer to the following five stages.

(1) The Kegon Period: Immediately after attaining enlightenment, he preached the Avatamsaka Sutra for 21 days in his enlightened state.

(2) Rokuonji: For the next 12 years, he preached the Agama Sutra and attracted those with the capacity to listen to the teachings and practice.

(3) Fangdoji: For the next eight years, he criticized the Hinayana and preached works such as the Vimalakirti Sutra in order to convert people to the Mahayana.

(4) The Prajnaparamita Period: For the next 22 years, he preached the Prajnaparamita Sutra to help people abandon their attachment to the Mahayana and Hinayana Vehicles.

(5) The Time of Lotus Sutra Nirvana: During the last eight years of his life, he preached the true teaching of the One Vehicle Sutra found in the Lotus Sutra, and on his last day and night, he saved all those who had been missed until then through the Nirvana Sutra.

The Hakkyo is a collective term for the Four Teachings of Evolution (Kegino Shikyo) and the Four Teachings of Evolution (Kehou no Shikyo). The Four Teachings of Evolution are divided into four types according to the way of preaching, and are divided as follows:

(1) Ton-gyo (instant teaching): A teaching that simply explains the truth
(2) Gradual teaching: Teaching in stages according to the capacity of each living being
(3) Secret Religions: Those in which the same teachings are taught but each person receives different benefits depending on his or her capacity, and these benefits are not known to the other.
(4) Fujo-kyo: This is the same as the Secret Teachings, but it is aware of the existence of others. The Four Teachings of the Law are divided into four types according to the content of their teachings.

(1) The Zokyo (Hinayana Teachings)
(2) Tsugyo: Teachings that connect Mahayana and Hinayana
(3) Bekkyo: A teaching that preaches only the Mahayana.
(4) Perfect Teaching: A perfect teaching that encompasses everything. The Five Periods and Eight Teachings were based on the various teachings of the Northern and Southern Dynasties of China and were the most comprehensive systematization and arrangement of values ​​of all of Buddhism. They had a great influence on later generations.

[Fumiyoshi Sueki]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

天台宗の教相判釈(きょうそうはんじゃく)（諸経典を説法の形式、方法、内容などにより分類、整理して体系づけること）。五時と八教の併称。五時は、すべての経典を釈尊(しゃくそん)（釈迦(しゃか)）が一生の間に順に説いたものと考え、その順序に5段階をたてたもので、以下の五つをいう。

(1)華厳時(けごんじ)　悟りを開いてただちに21日間、悟りの境地のままに『華厳経(けごんきょう)』を説いた。

(2)鹿苑時(ろくおんじ)　次の12年間は『阿含経(あごんきょう)』を説いて小乗の機根（教えを聞いて修行しうる能力）の者を誘引した。

(3)方等時(ほうどうじ)　それに続く8年間は小乗を批判して大乗に引き入れるために『維摩経(ゆいまぎょう)』などを説いた。

(4)般若時(はんにゃじ)　次の22年間は大小乗の執着を捨てさせるために『般若経』を説いた。

(5)法華涅槃時(ほっけねはんじ)　晩年の8年間は『法華経(ほけきょう)』の一乗真実の教えを説き、最後の一日一夜、『涅槃経』によってこれまで漏れていた者もすべて救った。

　八教は、化儀四教(けぎのしきょう)と化法四教(けほうのしきょう)の総称である。化儀四教は、説法の仕方によって四種をたてたもので、次のように分けられる。

(1)頓教(とんぎょう)　真理をそのまま説いたもの
(2)漸教(ぜんきょう)　衆生(しゅじょう)の機根によって段階的に説いたもの
(3)秘密教　同じ教えでも機根によってそれぞれ異なった利益を受け、しかも互いにそれを知らないもの
(4)不定(ふじょう)教　秘密教と同じであるが他人の存在を知っているもの
　また化法四教は、教説の内容によって四種をたてたものである。

(1)蔵教(ぞうきょう)　小乗の教え
(2)通教(つうぎょう)　大乗、小乗に通ずる教え
(3)別教(べっきょう)　大乗のみを説いた教え
(4)円教(えんきょう)　すべてを包摂する円満な教え
　五時八教は、中国南北朝時代の諸種の教判を受け、全仏教をもっとも総合的に体系化し、価値配列したものであり、後世に大きな影響を残した。

［末木文美士］

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