National review

Japanese: 国民審査 - こくみんしんさ(英語表記)national review
National review

A type of direct democracy, generally referring to a system in which the people directly review laws, civil servants, etc. In Japan, it refers to the system in which the people review Supreme Court justices appointed by the Cabinet through a national referendum.

This system was devised by the American Bar Association in 1937 as an alternative to the public election of judges in the United States, which was keenly aware of the drawbacks of the public election of judges. In other words, the Bar Association devised a system in which the selection of judges was left to the executive branch under certain conditions, and they could be removed by referendum after a certain period of time, and encouraged each state to adopt this system, which was adopted by the state of Missouri.

In Japan, the Constitution provides that Supreme Court justices be reviewed by national referendum as a method of democratic control, and this method is said to have been influenced by the United States. A national referendum is held at the first general election for the House of Representatives after the appointment, and then again at the first general election for the House of Representatives held ten years later, and so on. If the majority of voters approve the dismissal of a judge, that judge will be dismissed (Article 79, Clause 3 of the Constitution). This system is one manifestation of the people's right to select and dismiss public officials as stated in Article 15 of the Constitution, and its function has two aspects: post-appointment review and recall. The purpose of the national referendum being applied only to Supreme Court justices is that it is a very important position, and it was considered desirable from the standpoint of democracy to allow the people an opportunity to judge their tenure.

However, this system was originally conceived as a replacement for the public election of judges, and in Japan, where there is no tradition of public election, knowledge about judges is scarce, so the merits and demerits of this system have often been the subject of debate. In fact, not only has no judge been dismissed by popular referendum to date, but there is also criticism that the votes in favor of dismissal are only around 10% of the votes in favor of dismissal, and that the system only produces decisions that maintain the status quo. However, it is natural for a direct democracy to grant the people, who are the sovereign, the right to control the composition of the Supreme Court, and it is thought that it can at least play a role as a safety valve against the government's personal personnel decisions. To achieve this, better means of review and procedures are needed, and in particular, there are voices arguing that it would be better to change the system to a write-in vote of "yes" or "no," since blank votes indicating that one cannot make a decision are also considered to have no intention of dismissal and are all counted as votes in favor of dismissal.

[Masaaki Ikeda]

[Reference items] | Supreme Court | Direct democracy

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

直接民主制の一つで、一般に国民が直接に法律、公務員などを審査する制度をいう。日本では、内閣が任命した最高裁判所裁判官を国民が国民投票によって審査する制度をさす。

 この制度は、裁判官公選の弊害を痛感したアメリカ合衆国において、1937年アメリカ法曹協会によって、各州で行われている裁判官公選にかわるものとして考案された。すなわち、法曹協会が裁判官の選任を一定の条件のもとに行政部にゆだね、一定期間後に国民投票によってこれらを罷免しうるという制度を考案し、この方式を各州で採用するようすすめ、ミズーリ州がこの方式を採用した。

 日本では、最高裁判所裁判官に対する民主的なコントロールの方法として、国民投票によってこれを審査することが憲法に定められているが、この方法についてはアメリカの影響があるといわれている。国民投票は任命後の最初の衆議院議員総選挙のときに行い、その後10年を経過したのち初めて行われる衆議院議員総選挙のときさらに行い、その後も同様とされる。投票者の多数が罷免を可としたときは、その裁判官は罷免される(憲法79条3項)。この制度は憲法第15条の国民の公務員選定権・罷免権の一つの表れであり、その働きは任命の事後審査とリコールの二側面をもっている。国民審査が最高裁判所裁判官にだけ適用される趣旨は、それが非常に重要な地位であり、その在任について国民の判断の機会を認めることが民主主義のたてまえから望ましいと考えられたためである。

 しかし、もともとこの制度は裁判官公選制にかわるものとして考えられたもので、公選制の伝統のない日本では、裁判官についての知識が薄いところから、この制度の是非がしばしば論議の対象とされてきた。事実、国民審査により罷免された裁判官は現在まで1人もないというだけでなく、罷免を可とする投票は、否とする投票の10%前後にすぎず、現状維持的な決定しか生み出していないとの批判もある。しかし、なによりも主権者である国民に、最高裁判所の構成についてコントロールの権利を認めることは、直接民主制にとって当然であり、少なくとも政府の情実人事に対する安全弁としての役割は果たしうると考えられる。そのためにはその審査・手続に関してよりよい手段が望まれ、とりわけ、判断できないという趣旨の無記入の投票も罷免の意思がないと判断されて、すべて否の投票として数えられるため、罷免について「可」「否」の記入投票に変えたほうがよいという改正意見が主張されている。

[池田政章]

[参照項目] | 最高裁判所 | 直接民主制

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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