A type of defense under the Civil Procedure Act, it refers to not simply denying the other party's claim, but asserting a matter separate from the other party's claim in order to exclude the other party's claim. When asserting a certain fact to deny the other party's claim, whether it constitutes a denial or a defense depends on whether the burden of proof for that fact lies with the plaintiff or the defendant. A defense is a statement of facts for which the defendant has the burden of proof. There are two types of defenses: litigation defenses (defense of lack of litigation requirements, evidentiary defenses) and substantive law defenses (defense of payment, simultaneous performance, set-off, etc.). The plaintiff may make a counter-defense against a defense (for example, a counter-defense for interruption of the prescription against a defense of extinction), and the defendant may make a third counter-defense against the defense. Since a defense is a defensive method, res judicata does not arise when the court rules on it, but res judicata does arise for a decision on a set-off defense (Civil Procedure Act, Article 114, Paragraph 2). [Yoshinobu Homma] [Reference] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
民事訴訟法上の防御方法の一種で、相手方の主張を単に否認するのではなく、相手方の主張の排除を求めて相手方の主張するのとは別個の事項を主張することをいう。ある事実を主張して相手方の主張を否定するときに、それが否認にあたるか抗弁に該当するかは、その事実についての証明責任が原告・被告のいずれにあるかによって決まる。被告が証明責任を負う事実を陳述するのが抗弁である。 抗弁には、訴訟上の抗弁(訴訟要件欠缺(けんけつ)の抗弁、証拠抗弁)と実体法上の抗弁(弁済、同時履行、相殺(そうさい)の抗弁など)がある。抗弁に対しては原告側から再抗弁(たとえば、消滅時効の抗弁に対する時効中断の再抗弁)が、さらにこれに対し被告側から再々抗弁などがなされうる。抗弁は防御方法であるから、裁判所がこれについて判断しても既判力は生じないが、相殺の抗弁の判断については既判力が生じる(民事訴訟法114条2項)。 [本間義信] [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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