The amount of rain (rainfall) or snow that falls on the ground. It is expressed as the depth of the water that accumulates in a horizontal tub-like container. In meteorological observations, precipitation is measured using rain gauges and snow gauges. Precipitation is measured in millimeters, although inches are used in some countries. The amount of precipitation that falls in one day is called daily precipitation. When using a self-recording rain gauge, the amount of precipitation from midnight to the next midnight is usually considered to be daily precipitation, but when using a non-recording rain gauge, a fixed observation time is used to determine the amount of precipitation over the previous 24 hours. This time is called the daily boundary. There are more days without rain or snow, and even when it does rain, it is rare for it to be heavy, so when the frequency of daily precipitation is calculated, a distribution curve with a peak at zero precipitation is formed. The accumulated value of daily precipitation is called monthly precipitation or annual precipitation. Depending on the purpose, precipitation for one hour or 10 minutes may be required. Precipitation over a short period of time is also called precipitation intensity. The average annual rainfall for the whole world is estimated to be about 900 mm, but Cherrapunji in northeastern India, said to be the rainiest place in the world, has an average annual rainfall of 10,820 mm, with some years seeing more than 26,000 mm of rain. The annual average in Japan is estimated to be around 2,000 mm, but there are places on Yakushima where as much as 8,000 mm of rain falls. The highest 24-hour rainfall was 1,138 mm, observed at Hihaya, upstream of the Naka River in Tokushima Prefecture, due to Typhoon No. 17 on September 11, 1976 (Showa 51). [Takeji Shinohara] [Reference item] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
地面に降る雨(雨量)や雪などの量。たらいのような容器を水平に置き、その中にたまった水の深さで表す。気象観測では雨量計、雪量計を用いて降水量を測る。 降水量はミリメートルで表すが、国によってはインチを使う。1日分の降水量を日降水量(にちこうすいりょう)という。自記雨量計の観測では普通、夜半から次の夜半までの量を日降水量とするが、記録式でない雨量計のときは、観測時刻を決めて前24時間の降水量を求める。この時刻を日界(にっかい)とよぶ。雨や雪は降らない日のほうが多く、降っても大雨になるのはまれであるから、日降水量の度数を統計すると、降水量ゼロに山をもつ分布曲線になる。日降水量を積算した値を月降水量、年降水量などと名づける。目的によっては、1時間降水量とか10分間降水量が必要なこともある。短い時間の降水量は降水強度ともいわれる。地球全体での年平均降水量は約900ミリメートルと見積もられているが、世界の最多雨地といわれる北東インドのチェラプンジでは、年降水量の平均が1万0820ミリメートルで、2万6000ミリメートル以上も降った年がある。日本の年平均値は2000ミリメートル程度と推定されているが、屋久島(やくしま)では8000ミリメートルも降る所がある。24時間降水量の最大値としては1976年(昭和51)9月11日の台風第17号による、徳島県那賀(なか)川上流の日早(ひそう)で観測された1138ミリメートルである。 [篠原武次] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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