Public goods

Japanese: 公共財 - こうきょうざい(英語表記)public goods
Public goods

It is a good that is non-rivalous in consumption, and because of this characteristic, it is technically impossible to apply the exclusion principle, or even if it is technically possible, it is often economically undesirable to apply the exclusion principle because it requires unnecessarily excessive labor and property costs. In this case, it is rational for consumers to act as free riders, since they are not excluded from enjoying the benefits of consuming public goods even if they do not bear the burden. In other words, even if there is a high need for the good for society as a whole, the market does not have a mechanism to collect the costs necessary for its supply, so it is not supplied in the market, causing what is known as market failure.

In a mixed economy where supply through the market in the private sector and supply through non-market mechanisms in the public sector coexist, goods with this type of nature are supplied by the public sector, since they are basically dependent on the market but are supplied by the public sector only when the market fails. However, it should be noted that the definition of public goods is based not on the criterion that the supplier is the public sector, but on the property of non-rivalry in consumption that is inherent to the goods.

[Masatoshi Hayashi]

[References] | Public Economics | Mixed Economy

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

消費において非競合性を有する財のことであり、この性格のゆえに排除原則を適用することが技術的に不可能であるか、技術的には可能であっても不必要に過大な人件費や物件費を要するために排除原則を適用することが経済的に望ましくない場合が多い。この場合には、消費者は負担を負わなくても公共財の消費の便益の享受から排除されないから、フリー・ライダー(ただ乗り)として行動することが合理的になる。すなわち、社会全体にとっては必要度は高くとも、その供給に必要な費用を徴収するメカニズムが市場には存在しないから、市場においては供給されず、いわゆる市場の失敗を引き起こすことになる。

 民間部門における市場を通した供給と、公共部門における非市場メカニズムを通した供給とが共存する混合経済体制においては、基本的には市場に依存しながらも、その失敗した場合にのみ公共部門により供給するという形をとるから、この種の性質をもつ財は公共部門により供給されることになる。しかし、公共財の定義は、供給主体が公共部門であるという規準に基づいてではなく、財に内在的な消費における非競合性という性格に基づいてなされている点に注意する必要がある。

[林 正寿]

[参照項目] | 公共経済学 | 混合経済

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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