An electric circuit used to attenuate power without impairing the quality of an electric signal. Also called an attenuator. There are resistive attenuators, which are made up of resistors only, and reactance attenuators, which combine coils and capacitors. Both types have fixed and variable attenuation. Resistive attenuators are the most widely used, and are designed to maintain the input and output impedance values regardless of the attenuation. Depending on the arrangement of the elements, there are T-shaped, π (pi)-shaped, H-shaped, L-shaped, O-shaped, and bridge-shaped attenuators. These can be broadly classified as balanced or unbalanced depending on the element configuration seen from the input and output terminals. Balanced types are mainly used in low frequency bands, and unbalanced types are used in high frequency bands. Balanced variable attenuators have a characteristic impedance of 600 ohms for 0 to 150 kilohertz and a maximum attenuation of 121 decibels (variable in 0.1 decibel increments), while unbalanced types have a characteristic impedance of 75 ohms and a maximum attenuation of 141 decibels for 0 to 4 megahertz. Some models use a coaxial loss element and have a maximum attenuation of 100 decibels from 0 to 200 megahertz. Microwave band attenuators include resistive attenuators, which insert a resistor into the waveguide to absorb part of the electromagnetic wave energy, and cutoff attenuators, which use the cutoff frequency of the transmission line. Variable attenuators include the flap type, which allows you to vary the amount of resistor inserted, the vane type, which changes the insertion position, and the rotary type, which changes the amount of attenuation by rotating a resistive film inside a circular waveguide. [Michinori Iwata] ©Shogakukan "> Main types of resistive attenuators Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
電気信号の品質を損なわずに、電力を減衰させるために用いる電気回路。アッテネーターともいう。抵抗だけで構成した抵抗減衰器と、コイルとコンデンサーを組み合わせたリアクタンス減衰器とがあり、いずれも減衰量が一定のものと可変のものがある。もっとも広く用いられているのは抵抗減衰器で、いかなる減衰量でも入力インピーダンスと出力インピーダンスの値が変わらないよう設計されている。素子の配置によりT形、π(パイ)形、H形、L形、O形、ブリッジ形などがあり、これらは入力と出力端子からみた素子構成により平衡型と不平衡型に大別できる。平衡型は主として低周波帯で用いられ、高周波帯では不平衡型が用いられている。平衡型の可変減衰器としては、0~150キロヘルツで特性インピーダンス600オーム、最大減衰量121デシベル(0.1デシベルで可変)のもの、不平衡型では0~4メガヘルツ、75オーム、141デシベルのものがつくられている。同軸型の損失素子を使い、0~200メガヘルツで最大減衰量100デシベルのものもある。マイクロ波帯域の減衰器には、導波管内に抵抗体を挿入して電磁波のエネルギーの一部を吸収する抵抗減衰器と、伝送路の遮断周波数を利用するカットオフ減衰器がある。可変減衰器としては、抵抗体の挿入量を可変にするフラップ型、挿入位置を変えるベーン型、円形導波管内の抵抗膜を回転させて減衰量を変える回転型がある。 [岩田倫典] ©Shogakukan"> 抵抗減衰器のおもな種類 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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