Plasma

Japanese: 血漿 - けっしょう
Plasma

The components in blood other than blood cells. About 91% of it is water, and the remainder is various electrolytes and organic components mainly consisting of proteins. The main electrolytes are sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate ions, with sodium in particular accounting for about 93% of the total cations. About two-thirds of the total anions are chloride, and about one-fifth are bicarbonate ions. The osmotic pressure of plasma is about 300 milliosmoles, of which up to 96% is due to electrolytes (a milliosmol, or mOsm, is the osmotic pressure when 1 millimole of osmotically active solute is contained in 1 liter of solution).

Plasma proteins are contained in plasma at a ratio of 6.5 to 8.0%. When ammonium sulfate is added to plasma, the precipitate that precipitates at half saturation is called globulin, and the precipitate that precipitates at saturation is called albumin, both of which are major components of plasma proteins. The ratio of the two (A ratio) obtained by this method (salting out) is 1.5 to 2.2. A decrease in the ratio is considered to be an important indicator of liver disease. A classification method (Chiselius electrophoresis method) was developed that focuses on the difference in electrophoretic speed depending on the degree of charge of plasma proteins, and they were fractionated into albumin, α 1 -globulin, α 2 -globulin, β-globulin, and γ-globulin fractions. Each of these protein components has different molecular weights, shapes, and properties. The physiological functions of plasma proteins can be summarized as follows.

(1) Nutrient Source The total plasma content of an adult human contains approximately 200 grams of protein. As needed, these are broken down into amino acids by the cells of the reticuloendothelial system, which then serve as a source of nutrition for various tissue cells.

(2) Transport function: It transports fat-soluble substances such as iron, copper, and steroid hormones by binding them to thyroid hormones, etc.

(3) Colloid osmotic pressure Maintains the balance between the volume of blood and tissue fluid. 75-80% of this pressure is due to albumin.

(4) Buffering action: It accounts for approximately 10% of the physicochemical buffering value related to the stability of the hydrogen ion concentration (pH) of blood.

(5) Blood Coagulation Plasma proteins contain many blood coagulation factors, including fibrinogen and prothrombin.

(6) Immunity The γ-globulin fraction contains various immune antibodies, collectively known as immunoglobulins (Ig). Ig is classified into IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE based on its physicochemical and immunological properties.

[Yoshiyuki Honda]

[References] | Albumin | γ-globulin | Globulin | Blood | Plasma proteins | Immunoglobulins
Size of plasma proteins
The figure shows a typical size . ©Shogakukan

Size of plasma proteins


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

血液中の血球以外の成分をいう。その91%ほどが水分であり、残りは種々の電解質とタンパク質を主体とした有機成分からなる。おもな電解質は、ナトリウム、塩素(クロール)、炭酸水素イオンであり、とくにナトリウムは総陽イオンの約93%を占める。陰イオンは全体の約3分の2を塩素、約5分の1を炭酸水素イオンが占める。血漿の浸透圧は約300ミリオスモルであるが、その96%までが電解質によっている(ミリオスモルmOsmとは、溶液1リットル中に浸透圧に活性な溶質1ミリモルを含むときの浸透圧を表す)。

 血漿タンパク質は、血漿中に6.5~8.0%の割合で含まれている。血漿に硫酸アンモニウムを加え、その半飽和で沈殿するものをグロブリン、飽和濃度で沈殿するものをアルブミンとよび、ともに血漿タンパク質の主要成分である。この方法(塩析)による両者の比(A比)は、1.5~2.2である。比の低下は、肝臓の疾患などにおける重要な指標の一つとされる。血漿タンパク質は、さらにその荷電の程度によって泳動速度が違うことに着目した分類法(チゼリウスの電気泳動法)が開発され、アルブミン、α1-グロブリン、α2-グロブリン、β-グロブリン、γ-グロブリンの各画分などに分画された。これら各タンパク成分の分子量、形、性状には、それぞれ差がある。血漿タンパク質の生理的な働きは次のように集約できる。

(1)栄養源 成人の全血漿中には約200グラムのタンパク質が含まれる。これらは必要に応じて細網内被系の細胞でアミノ酸に分解され、各種組織細胞の栄養源となる。

(2)運搬機能 鉄、銅、ステロイドホルモンなどの脂肪溶解物質を甲状腺(こうじょうせん)ホルモンなどと結合して運搬する。

(3)膠質(こうしつ)浸透圧 血液と組織液間の液体量のバランスを保つ働きをもつ。その75~80%はアルブミンによっている。

(4)緩衝作用 血液の水素イオン濃度(pH)の安定に関係する物理化学的緩衝価の約10%くらいを担っている。

(5)血液凝固 フィブリノゲン、プロトロンビンをはじめとする多数の血液凝固因子が血漿タンパクに含まれる。

(6)免疫 γ-グロブリン画分中には諸種の免疫抗体が含まれ、免疫グロブリン(Ig)と総称される。Igは物理化学的・免疫学的性質から、IgG、IgA、IgM、IgD、IgEに分類される。

[本田良行]

[参照項目] | アルブミン | γ‐グロブリン | グロブリン | 血液 | 血漿タンパク質 | 免疫グロブリン
血漿タンパク質の大きさ
図は典型的な大きさを示す©Shogakukan">

血漿タンパク質の大きさ


出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

<<:  Crystal - kessho (English spelling) crystal

>>:  Kesseo - Kesseo

Recommend

Hydrogen scale

...This is the most common reference electrode, a...

Open covering - Kaihifuku

… If every element of X belongs to some A λ , the...

Scirpodendron

... The Cyperaceae family is well developed in th...

Expansive cement

…used for decoration, painting, artificial stone,...

Böhmische Brüder (English spelling)

…a lay organization that arose in the mid-15th ce...

Shozo Oya

1893-1962 Politician and labor activist from the ...

Dutch - Hollandago

It is the official language of the Netherlands, B...

Audition colorée; coloured hearing

This is a type of phenomenon known as synesthesia ...

Aretas

…From the beginning of the 6th century, they rece...

Published by Idashi Akome

〘 noun 〙 A type of outer garment. The hem of the o...

Molar pregnancy -

...This refers to the swelling and cystification ...

saccharose

…Saccharose is also called sucrose. It is a disac...

ketose

...A general term for polyhydric alcohols with al...

retroaltare

…The Paliot (9th century) of the Church of Sant&#...

Puja (English spelling) pūjā

A ritual of worship of a deity in Hinduism. Its co...