Principles of Economics

Japanese: 経済学原理 - けいざいがくげんり（英語表記）Principles of Economics

A. Marshall's major work, published in 1890. It integrates the tradition of British classical economics, which tended to emphasize the cost aspect of production, with the demand theory based on utility maximization behavior, which was adopted after the marginal revolution, and systematically discusses economic phenomena based on the theory of supply and demand equilibrium. It provides various analytical concepts that are used today, such as partial equilibrium analysis, consumer surplus, the concept of elasticity, external economies, and internal economies. In addition, his analysis of supply price equilibrium, which takes into account the time element in production and classifies it into temporary equilibrium, short-term equilibrium, and long-term equilibrium, became the backbone of today's producer theory. It had a great influence on JM Keynes and AC Pigou, and also contributed to the analysis of imperfect competition. His analysis of the problem of increasing returns is incorporated into endogenous economic growth theory today through Marshall's concept of externality.

Principles of Economics
Principles of Political Economy，with some of their applications to social philosophy

Written by J. S. Mill. Published in 1848. In the mid-19th century, when economic theory had lost its basis, the main aim of this book, as the subtitle "With some applications to social philosophy" clearly indicates, was to place economics within a more advanced system of social philosophy, reconstruct it from that perspective, and thereby restore its practical validity. The results are evident in the book's emphasis on the importance of human independence and its presentation of a theory of land reform to resolve the land problem as the common property of mankind.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

A.マーシャルの主著。 1890年刊。生産における費用面を強調する傾向にあったイギリス古典経済学の伝統と，限界革命後に取入れられるようになった効用最大化行動に基づく需要理論を統合し，需給均衡論のもとに経済現象を体系的に論じた。部分均衡分析，消費者余剰，弾力性の概念，外部経済，内部経済など今日用いられているさまざまな分析概念を提供している。また生産における時間要素を考慮し，一時的均衡，短期均衡，長期均衡に分類した供給価格の均衡分析は，今日の生産者理論の骨格となった。 J.M.ケインズ，A.C.ピグーへの影響は多大であり，また不完全競争の分析にも寄与している。収穫逓増問題に対する分析は，マーシャルの外部性概念を通じて今日，内生的経済成長理論に取入れられている。

経済学原理
けいざいがくげんり
Principles of Political Economy，with some of their applications to social philosophy

J.S.ミル著。 1848年刊。よって立つべき主要な経済理論を失っていた 19世紀中頃の状況下における本書の主要なねらいは，「社会哲学への若干の適用を含む」という副題に明示されているように，より進んだ社会哲学体系のなかに経済学を位置づけ，その観点から構成し直すこと，それを通じて経済学の現実的有効性を取戻すことである。その成果は，人間の自立の重要性を説き，人類の共有財産としての土地問題を解決するための土地改革理論を提示するなどした点に表われている。

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