Chloroform - Kurorohorumu (English spelling) chloroform

Japanese: クロロホルム - くろろほるむ(英語表記)chloroform
Chloroform - Kurorohorumu (English spelling) chloroform

A type of aliphatic chlorine compound, also known as trichloromethane. It is obtained by reacting ethanol (ethyl alcohol) or acetone with calcium hypochlorite (haloform reaction). Bleaching powder is used for this chlorination. Industrially, it is synthesized by chlorinating methane. It is a colorless, volatile liquid with a sweet odor. Liquid chloroform is nonflammable, but its vapor is flammable. It slowly decomposes in air when exposed to light to produce the highly toxic phosgene COCl2 .

2CHCl3 + 3 (O)
-> H2O + 2COCl2 + Cl2
This reaction can be prevented by adding ethanol, so commercially available chloroform usually has 0.5 to 1% ethanol added. To prevent oxidative decomposition due to light, it is stored in a brown bottle in a cool, dark place. Industrially, it is used in the production of chlorodifluoromethane, a raw material for fluororesin. When chlorine is used to disinfect tap water, chloroform is produced by reacting with organic matter (humic substances) in the water, and its carcinogenicity has become a problem, so its discharge is regulated. Regulations are carried out based on the Water Pollution Control Act and other laws, and the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare ordinance stipulates the water quality standard value to be 0.006 mg/L.

[Masahiro Hirota]

Pharmaceutical

It is a historical inhalation anesthetic that damages the heart, kidneys, and liver, and also often causes post-anesthetic nausea and vomiting, so it is no longer used for anesthesia today, and is only used as an extraction solvent and analytical reagent, since other better inhalation anesthetics have appeared. In the UK, it is used as chloroform water in the Brompton mixture of cocaine and morphine used to relieve cancer pain.

[Fumiji Koho]

[References] | Bleaching powder | Haloform reaction | Phosgene [Supplementary information] | Chloroform (Data Note)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

脂肪族塩素化合物の一種で、トリクロロメタンともいう。エタノール(エチルアルコール)またはアセトンと次亜塩素酸カルシウムとの反応によって得られる(ハロホルム反応)。この塩素化にはさらし粉が用いられる。工業的にはメタンの塩素化により合成している。甘い芳香をもつ無色の液体で揮発性がある。液体のクロロホルムは不燃性であるが、蒸気は燃える。空気中で光により徐々に分解して猛毒のホスゲンCOCl2を生成する。

  2CHCl3+3(O)
   ―→H2O+2COCl2+Cl2
この反応はエタノールにより防止できるので、市販のクロロホルムには通常0.5~1%のエタノールが添加されている。光による酸化分解を防ぐために、褐色の瓶に入れ冷暗所に保存する。工業的にはフッ素樹脂の原料であるクロロジフルオロメタンの製造などに使われている。水道水の殺菌の際に塩素を用いると水中の有機物(フミン質)との反応によりクロロホルムが生成するので、その発癌(はつがん)性が問題となっていて排出が規制されている。規制は水質汚濁防止法などに基づいて行われていて、厚生労働省令では水質基準値を0.006mg/Lと定めている。

[廣田 穰]

医薬用

歴史的な吸入麻酔剤で、心臓、腎臓(じんぞう)、肝臓を障害するほか、麻酔後の悪心(おしん)や嘔吐(おうと)も多く、ほかによい吸入麻酔薬が出現したことから現在では麻酔にほとんど使用されず、抽出用溶媒や分析試薬として用いられるにすぎない。なお、イギリスでは癌(がん)性疼痛(とうつう)の緩和用に使われるコカイン・モルヒネ混液(ブロンプトンミクスチャー)にクロロホルム水として使用されている。

[幸保文治]

[参照項目] | さらし粉 | ハロホルム反応 | ホスゲン[補完資料] | クロロホルム(データノート)

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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