It is a plant disease caused by the basidiomycete Smut, and is common in monocotyledonous plants, especially those in the Gramineae family. In many cases, smut attacks the flowers, especially the ovaries, causing black powder. There are many types, and in wheat alone there are naked smut, grass smut, culm smut, and hard smut. Other diseases that cause great damage include corn smut and onion smut, as well as rice black smut and sorghum silk smut. The main genera that cause these smut diseases are Ustilago , Tilletia , and Urocystis . The most well-known is smut disease of barley and wheat, which is caused by the infestation of Ustilago fungi, and the ears of barley and wheat turn black when infected with the disease. The black ears are masses of chlamydospores of the pathogen, which are dispersed by the wind and enter the stigma of the flowering wheat and lie dormant in the ovary. When the infected seeds are sown the following year, the fungus reaches the growth point of the seedling, and by the time the ears emerge, the entire ear is infected and turns black. Corn smut disease is also caused by the infestation of Ustilago fungi. Nodules form on the stems, leaves, and seeds, which are filled with black powder. The seeds in particular swell remarkably and are also called "ghosts." Wheat smut appears healthy on the outside, but when the seeds are cracked open they are filled with dark brown powder and emit a foul, fishy odor. The pathogen is the genus Tiretia. Since all types of smut are transmitted by seeds, they can be controlled by heat treatment such as soaking in cold water or hot water, or by disinfecting the seeds with chemicals. [Toshihiro Kajiwara] [Reference item] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
担子菌類のクロボキンによる植物の病気で、単子葉植物、とくにイネ科植物に多く発生する。黒穂病にかかると多くの場合、花とくに子房が侵され、黒い粉を生ずる。種類が多くムギだけでも裸(はだか)黒穂病、なまぐさ黒穂病、稈(から)黒穂病、堅(かた)黒穂病がある。このほかトウモロコシ黒穂病、タマネギ黒穂病などの被害が大きいほか、イネ墨(すみ)黒穂病、モロコシ糸(いと)黒穂病などがある。 これらの黒穂病の病原のおもな属は、ウスティラゴUstilago、ティレティアTilletia、ウロシスティスUrocystisなどである。もっとも代表的なものは、ウスティラゴ属菌の寄生によっておこるオオムギおよびコムギの裸黒穂病で、病気にかかると穂が黒くなる。黒い穂は病原菌の厚膜胞子の塊で、風によって飛散し、開花中のムギの花の柱頭から侵入し子房の中に潜伏する。翌年感染した種子が播(ま)かれると菌は苗の成長(生長)点に達し、出穂(しゅっすい)時には穂全体が侵され黒い穂になる。トウモロコシ黒穂病もウスティラゴ属菌の寄生による。茎、葉、種子などにこぶをつくり、その中に黒い粉が充満している。とくに種子の肥大が著しく「おばけ」ともよばれる。ムギなまぐさ黒穂病は、外観は健全にみえるが、種子を割ってみると黒褐色の粉が充満しており、生臭い悪臭を放つ。病原菌はティレティア属である。 黒穂病はいずれも種子によって伝染するので、冷水温湯浸などの熱処理、または薬剤による種子消毒を行って防除する。 [梶原敏宏] [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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