Rudolf Clausius

Japanese: クラウジウス - くらうじうす(英語表記)Rudolf Clausius
Rudolf Clausius

German physicist. Born on January 2nd in Köslin, Prussia (now Koszalin, Poland). After attending his father's elementary school, he went on to the secondary school in Stettin, and entered the University of Berlin in 1840. He was also attracted to the history of L. Ranke, but he eventually majored in mathematics and physics, earning his degree from the University of Halle in 1847. He first obtained a teaching position at the Berlin Artillery School, and in 1855 became professor of mathematical physics at the newly established Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich. There, he became close friends with Gustav Zeuner (1828-1907), a mechanics (energy theory) professor, Dedekind, a mathematician, and Tyndall, a physicist who came to Berlin from England to study. From 1867 onwards, he served as professor at the universities of Würzburg and Bonn, and was recommended as rector at the latter. He was a very patriotic man, and during the Prussian-French War he commanded a student relief corps, where he was wounded in the process. He died in Bonn on August 24, 1888.

Of all his research in physics (mainly theory), his most significant work was on the theory of heat. In 1850, only three years after he had obtained his doctorate, he published a paper entitled "On the Dynamics of Heat, and the Laws of Thermodynamics Derived Therefrom," in which he demonstrated his insights in this field. His first claim was to prove that heat and (mechanical) work can be converted into each other in a certain relationship, and he clearly rejected the traditional view of heat as a type of substance (i.e., he declared that heat is energy). His second claim was to formulate the conditions under which heat is converted into work, which he expressed as "heat cannot be transferred by itself (without the consumption of work) from a source of low temperature to a source of high temperature." In his subsequent paper in 1854, he named the above two claims as the first and second laws of the mechanical theory of heat (what we call thermodynamics today), respectively. In this paper and his 1865 paper, he detailed the fact that phenomena related to heat can be irreversible, that the quantity called entropy is useful for expressing the degree of irreversibility, and that entropy increases in irreversible phenomena. Other important achievements of his include the Clausius-Clapeyron equation for changes in the state of matter, the idea of ​​the mean free path in kinetic theory of gases, the Clausius-Mossotti equation for dielectrics, and the concept of dissociation for electrolytes. Although his papers give the impression of being obscure, some people refer to him as the founding theoretical physicist.

[Seiji Takada]

"Principles of Thermodynamics" by E. Mach, translated by Seiji Takada (1978, Tokai University Press)

[References] | Entropy | Dissociation | Laws of Thermodynamics | Mean Free Path | Derivatives

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

ドイツの物理学者。北ドイツ、プロイセンのケスリン(現、ポーランドのコシャリン)で1月2日に生まれる。父が経営する初級学校を経て、シュテティンの中級学校に進み、1840年ベルリン大学に入った。L・ランケの史学にも心をひかれたが、結局は数学・物理を専攻、1847年にハレ大学で学位を取得した。まずベルリン砲工学校の教職の地位を得たが、1855年には、新設のスイス、チューリヒ工科大学の数理物理の教授になった。同地では、機械学(エネルギー論)のツォイナーGustav Zeuner(1828―1907)、数学のデーデキントや、イギリスからベルリンへ留学にきた物理学のチンダルらと親しく交際した。1867年以降、ウュルツブルク、ボンの大学教授を歴任、後者では学長に推された。愛国心に富み、プロイセン・フランス戦争では救護の学生隊の指揮にあたり、負傷の災難にあった。1888年8月24日、ボンで長逝した。

 物理(おもに理論)全般にわたった研究のうち、もっとも意義深いのは、熱理論に関するものである。学位を得てから3年しか経ていない1850年に、「熱の動力およびそれから導かれる熱学法則について」という論文を発表し、この分野での見識を示した。主張の第一は、熱と(力学的な)仕事とが一定の関係で、互いに変換されうるということの論証であって、彼は、旧来の熱素観(熱は物質の一種であると解する見方)をはっきり否定した(すなわち熱はエネルギーであると言明した)。また、主張の第二は、熱が仕事に変換されるときの条件の定式化であって、それを「熱がそれ自体で(仕事の消費を伴わずに)低温源から高温源へ移ることはない」と表現した。続く1854年の論文では、前述の二つの主張それぞれを力学的熱理論(今日いう熱力学)の第一法則、第二法則と名づけた。そして、この論文と1865年の論文とで、熱と関連する現象には不可逆性が伴いうること、その度合いを表すにはエントロピーという量が役だつこと、不可逆な現象ではエントロピーが増大すること、などを詳論した。それと並んで、物質の状態変化に関するクラウジウス‐クラペイロンの式、気体運動論での平均自由行程の考え、誘電体に関するクラウジウス‐モソッティの式、電解質についての解離の概念なども、彼の重要な業績である。論文は晦渋(かいじゅう)の感を与えるが、彼を評して理論物理学者の元祖と称する人もある。

[高田誠二]

『E・マッハ著、高田誠二訳『熱学の諸原理』(1978・東海大学出版会)』

[参照項目] | エントロピー | 解離 | 熱力学の法則 | 平均自由行程 | 誘導体

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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